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本文目录

  1. 普通人怎么报考社工证
  2. 小学生写的作文往哪里投稿可以有稿费
  3. 如何学国画

普通人怎么报考社工证

近几年,国家对社会工作者持证上岗的要求越来越高,同时伴随着社工服务站全面铺开,社工需求量日渐增大。为了协助全国各地小伙伴顺利报考,这里准备了报考锦囊,有需要的小伙伴们赶紧来看看吧。

社工和社工证

社工

社会工作者,简称社工。是指在社会福利、社会救助、社会慈善、残障康复、优抚安置、医疗卫生、青少年服务、司法矫治等社会服务机构中从事专门性社会服务工作的专业技术人员。

社工证

社会工作者职业水平评价分为助理社会工作师、社会工作师和高级社会工作师三个级别。从2008年起,先行实施助理社会工作师、社会工作师职业水平考试。

2019年,根据人力资源社会保障部、民政部《关于印发〈高级社会工作师评价办法〉的通知》(人社部规〔2018〕2号),实施高级社会工作师职业水平考试。《社会工作者职业水平考试》考试介绍:http://www.cpta.com.cn/test/837.html。人社部认可的证书,有图中所示这些。

2021年国家职业资格目录:http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/SYgundongxinwen/201710/t20171024_280005.html,社会工作者职业资格考试属于水平评价类职业资格。2022年,人社部发文,水平评价类职业资格退出职业资格目录,转为社会化等级认定,发放职业技能等级证书,与原证具备同等效力和待遇。官网通知:http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/dongtaixinwen/buneiyaowen/rsxw/202208/t20220816_482757.html。

水平评价类技能人员职业资格退出国家职业资格目录,不是取消职业和职业标准,更不是取消技能人才评价,而是由职业资格评价改为职业技能等级认定,改变了评价发证主体和管理服务方式,即:政府主管部门—组织制定职业分类、发布国家职业标准或评价规范,用人单位和社会培训评价组织—具体实施并颁发职业技能等级证书。

劳动者经评价合格取得的职业技能等级证书和职业资格证书具有同等效力,均可通过“技能人才评价证书全国联网查询系统”查询。

鉴于政策可能随时调整,以及各个地方政策可能会有差别。大家可以去官网中国人事考试网(mohrss.gov.cn)自行查证最新政策。

报考条件

凡中华人民共和国公民,遵守国家法律、法规,恪守职业道德,并符合助理社会工作师或社会工作师报名条件的人员,可申请参加相应级别的考试。通过职业水平评价,取得社会工作者职业水平证书的人员,表明其已具备相应专业技术岗位工作的水平和能力。

初级

报名条件

助理社会工作师(初级)考试报名条件:

1.取得高中或者中专学历,从事社会工作满4年;

2.取得社会工作专业大专学历,从事社会工作满2年;

3.社会工作专业本科应届毕业生;

4.取得其他专业大专学历,从事社会工作满4年;

5.取得其他专业本科及以上学历,从事社会工作满2年。

考试科目

助理社会工作师(初级)一共考两科,《社会工作综合能力》《社会工作实务》2个科目,均为客观题,初级必须在1个考试年度内通过全部科目的考试方可取得助理社会工作师职业资格证书。各科目满分100分,合格标准为60分。

中级

报名条件

社会工作师(中级)考试报名条件:

1.取得高中或者中专学历,并取得助理社会工作师职业水平证书后,从事社会工作满6年;

2.取得社会工作专业大专及以上学历或学位,从事社会工作满4年;

3.取得社会工作专业大学本科学历,从事社会工作满3年;

4.取得社会工作专业硕士学位,从事社会工作满1年;

5.取得社会工作专业博士学位;

6.取得其他专业大专及以上学历或学位,其从事社会工作年限相应增加2年。

考试科目

社会工作师(中级)一共考三科,《社会工作综合能力(中级)》《社会工作实务(中级)》《社会工作法规与政策》3个科目,其中《社会工作实务(中级)》为主观科目,其他两科目均为客观科目。中级必须在2个考试年度内通过全部科目的考试方可取得社会工作师职业资格证书。各科目满分100分,合格标准为60分。

高级

报名条件

高级社会工作师考试需要具备以下条件:

1.拥护中国共产党领导,遵守国家宪法、法律、法规,热爱社会工作事业,具有良好的职业道德;

2.具有本科及以上学历(或学士及以上学位);

3.在通过全国社会工作者职业水平考试取得社会工作师(中级)资格后,从事社会工作满5年,截止日期为考试报名年度的当年年底。

考试科目

高级社会工作师职业水平考试科目为《社会工作实务(高级)》,为闭卷考试,在答题卡上作答,考试时间3小时,考试题型为案例题和论述题,满分100分。

报考时间

具体报考时间需要参照当年的中国人事考试网(mohrss.gov.cn)发布的关于xx年度社会工作者职业资格考试有关事项的通告。

按照往年的惯例,报名时间一般在考前的两个月公布。比如下图为2022年部分地区社工报考时间,可以看出从2022年从4月21日开始,部分地区陆续开启报名通道,所以预估社工考试报名工作一般均在3月下旬~4月中旬进行。具体报名时间小伙伴们届时请查阅各省人事考试中心网站公布的最新报考公告。

往年报考时间

1、2021年报考时间为2021年8月11日9∶00—8月18日16∶00。

2、2022年报考时间为2022年4月21日—4月27日上午12∶00。

考试时间

具体考试时间需要参照本年的中国人事考试网(mohrss.gov.cn)发布的关于xx年度社会工作者职业资格考试有关事项的通告。

往年考试时间

1、2021年考试时间为10月16日至17日。2021年为10月16日下午14:00—16:00社会工作法规与政策;10月17日上午9:00—11:00社会工作综合能力(初、中级);下午14:00—16:00社会工作实务(初级);14:00—16:30社会工作实务(中级);14:00—17:00社会工作实务(高级)。

2、2022年考试时间为6月18日至19日。2022年为6月18日下午14:00—16:00社会工作法规与政策;6月19日上午9:00—11:00社会工作综合能力(初、中级);下午14:00—16:00社会工作实务(初级);14:00—16:30社会工作实务(中级);14:00—17:00社会工作实务(高级)。

报考流程

社工考试整个报考流程图如下:

网上报名

先打开唯一的报名网站——中国人事考试网(mohrss.gov.cn),要注意的是各省的报名时间以及准考证打印会有所不同,需要考生留意考试通知。

这里注意一下,有账号的老考生可以直接登陆报名,没有账号的新人要先注册账号。点击注册账号,阅读完报名协议后,点击接受;认真阅读注册须知,并点击接受;注册完成,再登录即可。登录后,输入你的用户名和密码以及验证码。

选择你要报考的科目。

填写你的相关信息。

注意事项

1.如果找不到自己的专业技术职务,选“无”。

2.如果不知道自己的专业职称,选择“无职称”。

3.允许报名专业:社工专业就选社工专业,非社工专业比如英语、计算机就算其他。

4.工作年限与专业年限。

工作年限:你在社会中从事会计、快递员、老师、医生、保安、社会工作者、商场营业员、程序员等工作经验累积,都属于工作年限。

专业年限:是你从事了社会工作相关工作的工作年限,比如,在某基金会工作了5年,在居委会工作了5年,在社会服务机构工作了5年,在街道办工作了5年等等。

举例说明:比如小王毕业后工作了8年,其中前2年在一家企业做行政,后6年一直在一家社工机构做社会工作者的工作。那么,小王的工作年限是8年,专业年限是6年。

考试承诺

目前社会工作者报名分为2种方式,一是非承诺制,二是告知承诺制,报考2022年社工考试的考生可以自行选择报考方式。

两种报考方式的区别

1、非承诺制报名

需要考生提交相关的资料进行在线或线下审核,包括(1)学历证明;(2)学位证明;(3)从事相关专业工作年限证明;(4)相关级别的社会工作师职业水平证书。

2、告知承诺制

是指在资格考试报名时,考试组织机构将符合报考条件所需的证明义务、证明内容以及不实承诺的法律责任一次性告知报考人员,报考人员承诺已经符合告知的相关要求并愿意承担不实承诺的法律责任,考试组织机构不再索要有关证明并依据承诺办理相关事项的工作机制。

也就是说,选择告知承诺制考生,将无需提供学历证明、工作证明等资料。但目前告知承诺制以下三种情况不得报考:(1)不适用告知承诺制办理报考事项的(其他考试出现违规记录且记录在案的);(2)未选择告知承诺制方式办理报考事项的(选择非承诺制报考的人员);(3)撤回承诺(选择承诺制报名后又撤回的)。虽然考试机构对除以上三类的人员不进行核查,但是还是要依据自己所在省份人事考试通知执行,部分省份将对其他人员进行相关的核查并且少数省份将对成绩合格人员全面核查。

资料审核

审核方式

社会工作者报名资料审核主要有以下几种方式:网上审核,现场审核,考前/考后审核。

网上审核:主要针对非承诺制报名以及对承诺制报名资料存疑的考生,将对考生的报考条件、学历信息等报名信息进行核查,需要上传相关的资料。

现场审核:一般针对学历无法验证的情况,需要到指定地点进行审核。

考前/考后审核:目前大多数省份的审核在考试公告中都明确表明将会贯穿于整个考试的始终,对于不符合报名条件的人员将再次进行核查,要求提供相关的证明。

注意:审查如若发现考生考试成绩合格,但不符合报名条件、提供虚假信息或其他违纪行为,将按有关规定作出处罚!最严重将记入考生诚信考试档案库,5年内不得参加相关考试。

需准备的资料

社会工作者资格审核需要准备的资料:

1、《社会工作者职业水平考试报名表》加盖单位公章原件1份

2、国务院教育行政部门认可的学历(学位)证书原件和复印件1份

3、报考人员本人身份证原件及复印件1份

4、《社会工作者从事社会工作年限证明表》加盖所在单位公章原件1份

5、助理社会工作师/社会工作师职业水平证书原件及复印件

非承诺制报名需要现场确认带资料,在网上下载好带有公章的报名表、身份证及复印件、学历证书及复印件,或者是上传资料到报名网站进行资格核查,部分地区是考后审核资料。

承诺制报名就是填写基本信息即可,成绩通过后抽查部分人员进行资格审查。

网上缴费

审核通过后及时缴纳相关费用,需要注意的是,交费完成后查看一下缴费状态有没有改变为缴费成功。缴费成功后会出现这个界面,如果报名完成显示的是绿色的,就是报名完成了。注意:信息锁定了就不能修改。

打印准考证

社会工作者准考证打印入口一般在考前一周陆续开通,各省准考证打印时间略有不同,考生在各省规定时间内登录中国人事考试网进入“准考证打印”界面,下载打印准考证。建议准考证打印入口开通后,大家一定要尽早去打印,以免错过打印时间耽误考试。而且可以多打印几份备存,同时将电子版存档留好。

报考流程视频

实在不会的小伙伴们,可以参考以下社工考试报名流程视频:【2022初/中级社工考试报名指南,详细流程手把手教你】https://b23.tv/Oze75hK

如何备考

备考计划

预习阶段

预习阶段(开始备考-3月),备考建议:

1.根据需要学习的内容制定好学习计划。

2.预习阶段的学习主要以2022年考试教材为根本,熟悉教材内容,了解核心考点、熟悉知识框架。

3.新版教材出版(2023年3月中旬)

本阶段的重大节点:

2023年社会工作者考试教材出版发行,教材每年都会或多或少有些变化,尤其法规部分,变动的可能性更大,因此,建议购买新版教材。认真查看考试大纲,根据考试大纲来标注教材中的重难点,中社在线也会及时上传教材变化对比,针对教材变化大的地方,可以着重记忆。

基础阶段

基础阶段(2023年3-4月),备考建议:

结合官方教材及教辅书本进行学习,在基础阶段要逐章逐节进行系统学习,掌握基础理论和知识点。因为考试大纲和教材是命题的重要依据,包含了命题范围和答案标准。此阶段要夯实基础,认真学习每一章内容。可以选择一些有实力的网校机构,目前市面上知名度以及好评度比较高的有环球网校和233网校以及优路教育,233网校在其官网首页有网课试听的视频片段,可以感受一下课程的质量。

本阶段的重大节点:

2019年以前(疫情前),社会工作者报名时间都是4月报名6月考试。2022年是4月21号陆续开启报名通道,估计2023年报名公告发布时间为2023年4月份。报名入口开通后,建议各位考生尽早准备报名相关事项,报名时间大约会持续10天左右,报名照片有特定要求,大家一定要根据各地的要求提前准备,尽快完成报名。

强化阶段

强化阶段(2023年5月),备考建议:

这时候已学完一遍教材,要做到归纳知识体系,跨章节知识融会贯通,进行综合性复习。找出理解上的障碍,先用铅笔勾画出重点、难点、考点,做到心中有数。对每章的内容及重要考点有一定的掌握,根据自己的基础明确要掌握知识的40%~到60%;要明确自己的不足为正式备考打下基础。

这阶段,可以选择一些APP,比如钉题库、考题宝、233网校以及微信小程序社工考题宝等。像钉题库是有5000章以上的练习题是免费刷的,同时还有错题巩固,智能组卷等功能,都是比较方便的。

冲刺阶段

冲刺阶段(2023年6月份),备考建议:

首先集中冲刺真题,保证每天一套真题,其次刷模拟题,透过题目看本质,总结做题方法,强化记忆。攻克重点、难点,掌握做题技巧。听课、做题两者要有效结合。同时大家需要做的就是查看自己的错题集,把之前的章节练习、真题冲刺的错题和不确定题都要重新看一遍,看看到底哪些考点错误率高,哪些内容没掌握,就回去重点看哪些考点,针对单个考点进行逐个击破,争取做到以点慨面,最快最有效的提高考试分数!

刷题技巧

助理级社会工作师考试主要是客观题,这对小白考生是比较容易的,在日常的刷题过程中保持着在多不在精的思路,大量刷题,这样在面对考试的时候,面对容易拿分的题目可以多拿一些,保证了通过率。

而中级社会工作师考试中主观题的比例相较于之前提升了不少,可以说对题目的理解要更多一些,也可以说只有答的精准才行,不然洋洋洒洒写了不少,最后切合题意的并不多,一样是失分很严重的。所以在平常练习的时候,对于社会工作实务的题一定要多写一些才行,不管写的好与不好,重点就在于不断练习的过程中去拓宽自己的思路,打开自己的思维,围绕着题干去精准把握住要用到的知识点,然后去拓展,包括综合的题都是一样的道理。

还有的就是法规与政策,靠的就是理解式记忆还有联想式记忆,刷题的过程中去思考法规与政策的含义,这样能起到的作用更大一些。

成绩公布

按照往年惯例,考试成绩原则上在考试结束后两个月在中国人事考试网(www.cpta.com.cn)发布。各科目合格标准一般为试卷满分的60%(特殊地区除外)。

助理社会工作师、社会工作师职业水平考试合格,颁发人力资源社会保障部统一印制、人力资源社会保障部和民政部共同用印的《中华人民共和国社会工作者职业水平证书》,该证书在全国范围有效。

高级社会工作师实行考试和评审相结合的评价制度,高级社会工作师考试合格,颁发高级社会工作师考试成绩合格证明,该证明自颁发之日起,在全国范围3年内有效。

在该证明有效期内,符合高级社会工作师评审条件的,可以申请参加高级社会工作师评审,通过评审且经公示无异议后,颁发由人力资源社会保障部统一印制、人力资源社会保障部和民政部共同用印的《中华人民共和国社会工作者职业水平证书(高级社会工作师)》,该证书在全国范围内有效。

计分标准

1、单项选择题为每小题1分,多选、错选、不选均不得分。

2、多项选择题为每小题2分,错选,本题不得分;少选,所选的每个选项得0.5分。

3、案例分析题(中级实务)为每小题20分。

4、案例分析题、论述题(高级)1道必答案例题20分。2道选答案例题(3选2),每道25分。

5、选答论述题(2选1)每道30分。

证书领取

助理级社会工作师证书、社会工作师证书以及高级社会工作师证书由中国人社部统一颁发,证书在全国范围内有效。证书的领取时间按照往年发放的时间做参考,基本上是考试成绩公布两个月以后。具体的领取时间是要查看各地的人事考试网发布的领证公告。社会工作师证书领取主要是现场领取和邮寄领取这两种方式。

现场领取

现场领取证书考生可以自己携带身份证件、成绩单打印表到各地人事考试网发布的领证公告中的当地详细领证地点领取。现场领取考生也可以让他人或者单位代领。要注意代领需要代领人及持证人有效身份证原件,但是代领在有些地区是不允许的,具体要看当地的要求。可以拨打当地人事考试网办公室电话询问。

邮寄领取

选择邮寄领取就要在规定的时间之内进入各地人事考试网发布的领证公告中规定的邮寄申请的页面,按照要求填写详细信息,申请邮寄证书。

电子证书

2021年12月16日,社会工作者职业水平考试专业技术人员职业资格的电子证书使用“中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部专业技术人员职业资格证书专用章”电子印章。官网:http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/xxgk2020/fdzdgknr/zcfg/gfxwj/rcrs/202112/t20211221_430806.html。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"近几年,国家对社会工作者持证上岗的要求越来越高,同时伴随着社工服务站全面铺开,社工需求量日渐增大。为了协助全国各地小伙伴顺利报考,这里准备了报考锦囊,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"有需要的小伙伴们","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"赶紧来看看吧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnx37s9UxmdRNFIhnVP0azih"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"社工和社工证","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnvRlNBiPzTuXIbOsV8NZGGd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"社工","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaQ0EWw3o5g56tuvl56WkPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"社会工作者,简称社工。是指在社会福利、社会救助、社会慈善、残障康复、优抚安置、医疗卫生、青少年服务、司法矫治等社会服务机构中从事专门性社会服务工作的专业技术人员。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk2IiCqqI4XpFkfcLFmCONh"},,"attrs":{"height":680,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"社工","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/17a3dbba116a4e5694a20b98f74bfc8e","width":1080},"text":"","id":"doxcnKJIXT9SUxbgJ70wXOdKgBc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"社工证","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcntyHx4hQjmeVFuOyiQWNb8y"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"社会工作者职业水平评价分为助理社会工作师、社会工作师和高级社会工作师三个级别。从2008年起,先行实施助理社会工作师、社会工作师职业水平考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6sOCFRSAOC4zNBGOk899nd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2019年,根据人力资源社会保障部、民政部《关于印发〈高级社会工作师评价办法〉的通知》(人社部规〔2018〕2号),实施高级社会工作师职业水平考试。《社会工作者职业水平考试》考试介绍:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"http://www.cpta.com.cn/test/837.html。人社部认可的证书,有图中所示这些。"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"http://www.cpta.com.cn/test/837.html。人社部认可的证书,有图中所示这些。","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnV0AMmeBzgDjPRakODhohoh"},,"attrs":{"height":444,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"社工证","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/337c4f71573b4e1097349afaaa07df59","width":622},"text":"","id":"doxcnVVtjJHOn7Jza8Zl9ZYsMBe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2021年国家职业资格目录:http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/SYgundongxinwen/201710/t20171024_280005.html,社会工作者职业资格考试属于水平评价类职业资格。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"2022年,人社部发文,水平评价类职业资格退出职业资格目录,转为社会化等级认定,发放职业技能等级证书,与原证具备同等效力和待遇。官网通知:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/dongtaixinwen/buneiyaowen/rsxw/202208/t20220816_482757.html。"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/SYrlzyhshbzb/dongtaixinwen/buneiyaowen/rsxw/202208/t20220816_482757.html。","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniUKKiji7jC8DJpnuVeOJNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水平评价类技能人员职业资格退出国家职业资格目录,不是取消职业和职业标准,更不是取消技能人才评价,而是由职业资格评价改为职业技能等级认定,改变了评价发证主体和管理服务方式,即:政府主管部门—组织制定职业分类、发布国家职业标准或评价规范,用人单位和社会培训评价组织—具体实施并颁发职业技能等级证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwd68CqmyHxVjvdiyRsoHxg"},,"attrs":{"height":636,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"社工证","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ac826195227433fa23861f762e63cea","width":496},"text":"","id":"doxcnut8WWIqfmSNU2HPlgvwSbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"劳动者经评价合格取得的职业技能等级证书和职业资格证书具有同等效力,均可通过“技能人才评价证书全国联网查询系统”查询。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn1K17nfvU9E9XwGNyYNwpwg"},,"attrs":{"height":325,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"社工证","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/97bca5bc245b4fc4995c7dc7156526c9","width":577},"text":"","id":"doxcnTdj5y5FvtEdb3TS7WTxkzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鉴于政策可能随时调整,以及各个地方政策可能会有差别。大家可以去官网","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"中国人事考试网(","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"mohrss.gov.cn","id":""},{"type":"text","text":")自行查证最新政策。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnvFuhI0uhhWMtYdPxx5UuFd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnirXFPFeqTdNHw0eqTdDmEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"凡中华人民共和国公民,遵守国家法律、法规,恪守职业道德,并符合助理社会工作师或社会工作师报名条件的人员,可申请参加相应级别的考试。通过职业水平评价,取得社会工作者职业水平证书的人员,表明其已具备相应专业技术岗位工作的水平和能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHQBrrIqM7F17QPDI58Wlcc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"初级","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLlWOW3pLOCDsQ9MU8htjhc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4rSjGH9J6b4GPxhBsSsRkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"助理社会工作师(初级)考试报名条件:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9mTlpe6Y5X8TgomQ9SWSFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.取得高中或者中专学历,从事社会工作满4年;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUekYRZlwCyQfKNJT495Xzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.取得社会工作专业大专学历,从事社会工作满2年;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc13fndNlIdySBFTWNvHmcb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.社会工作专业本科应届毕业生;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfVNBywPA4F7VfxFehgwQ5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4.取得其他专业大专学历,从事社会工作满4年;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCrFpVehppr0Mb9qaJJSUBc"},{"typ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"id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnz6Q0IBwHGaIARtLAyokOGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前社会工作者报名分为2种方式,一是非承诺制,二是告知承诺制,报考2022年社工考试的考生可以自行选择报考方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQLplKL6o3VHQpADsHBISgf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"两种报考方式的区别","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnss3oNdfCHPrMpG0hO3Bzwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、非承诺制报名","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjPpKpYQgNXqA5Mc461nOgc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"需要考生提交相关的资料进行在线或线下审核,包括(1)学历证明;(2)学位证明;(3)从事相关专业工作年限证明;(4)相关级别的社会工作师职业水平证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnF7hCSa4TfC1K7XKU71XaZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、告知承诺制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn21fkcU6xfXVCe8jPWjjOJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是指在资格考试报名时,考试组织机构将符合报考条件所需的证明义务、证明内容以及不实承诺的法律责任一次性告知报考人员,报考人员承诺已经符合告知的相关要求并愿意承担不实承诺的法律责任,考试组织机构不再索要有关证明并依据承诺办理相关事项的工作机制。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnJXYZ5iGPvvWz5nH1SXAK5e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也就是说,选择告知承诺制考生,将无需提供学历证明、工作证明等资料。但目前告知承诺制以下三种情况不得报考:(1)不适用告知承诺制办理报考事项的(其他考试出现违规记录且记录在案的);(2)未选择告知承诺制方式办理报考事项的(选择非承诺制报考的人员);(3)撤回承诺(选择承诺制报名后又撤回的)。虽然考试机构对除以上三类的人员不进行核查,但是还是要依据自己所在省份人事考试通知执行,部分省份将对其他人员进行相关的核查并且少数省份将对成绩合格人员全面核查。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny3b2wjr4kTzAEu9qjP3yXc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"资料审核","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnn01RilamysHwofaaYYTH8c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"审核方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyJGIBovTKbgWAk7p4iZeTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"社会工作者报名资料审核主要有以下几种方式:网上审核,现场审核,考前/考后审核。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnzzR8hMsdlHjSyfORjEJr4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"网上审核:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"主要针对非承诺制报名以及对承诺制报名资料存疑的考生,将对考生的报考条件、学历信息等报名信息进行核查,需要上传相关的资料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjgCEgX8bMtOG1TwEXXdN7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"现场审核:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"一般针对学历无法验证的情况,需要到指定地点进行审核。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCwbffnity11OZ9Y5hNgk9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"考前/考后审核:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"目前大多数省份的审核在考试公告中都明确表明将会贯穿于整个考试的始终,对于不符合报名条件的人员将再次进行核查,要求提供相关的证明。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncV07RqqECljCGodap5qdDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意:审查如若发现考生考试成绩合格,但不符合报名条件、提供虚假信息或其他违纪行为,将按有关规定作出处罚!最严重将记入考生诚信考试档案库,5年内不得参加相关考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnpWz1pVmQtsCYON9OQEzqSe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"需准备的资料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMkGayVTbbsip12qm7wBBUA"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"社会工作者资格审核需要准备的资料:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4KqsATCAv92nlql1AhEpQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、《社会工作者职业水平考试报名表》加盖单位公章原件1份","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHinQwlQRfjS8LAydd0kJ6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、国务院教育行政部门认可的学历(学位)证书原件和复印件1份","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZkYKueCtuavcRxRXcceIid"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、报考人员本人身份证原件及复印件1份","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCgsJg37rbE9ksbHci92F1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、《社会工作者从事社会工作年限证明表》加盖所在单位公章原件1份","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnknrI4goLG5ElJnbcaJoivg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、助理社会工作师/社会工作师职业水平证书原件及复印件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCVdFhdDtkwMpy5mPqjTB6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"非承诺制报名需要现场确认带资料,在网上下载好带有公章的报名表、身份证及复印件、学历证书及复印件,或者是上传资料到报名网站进行资格核查,部分地区是考后审核资料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOJW2EpCTa6hyLvFdGXyqHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"承诺制报名就是填写基本信息即可,成绩通过后抽查部分人员进行资格审查。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9gTz7T87Z8IQAdm0RiOByh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"网上缴费","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSdL0uT6xYss2RbOxKOdkHg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"审核通过后及时缴纳相关费用,需要注意的是,交费完成后查看一下缴费状态有没有改变为缴费成功。缴费成功后会出现这个界面,如果报名完成显示的是绿色的,就是报名完成了。注意:信息锁定了就不能修改。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna1RdR4TToOtH2Zbqw0hB2g"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":544,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"网上缴费","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5e0c4d2dbff84f21ab8927c6becc5957","width":1080},"text":"","id":"doxcnfdKvAupM9vG7oSneUsXWcJ"},,"attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"网上缴费","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/202edcc6e41b460aac74f8609017edb4","width":1080},"text":"","id":"doxcnuyiAMatcezVIaUx2AjGdte"}],"text":"","id":"doxcnv5sOpBEazd1eqMpHMdF8Sd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"打印准考证","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnv5sOpBEazd1eqMpHMdF8Sd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"社会工作者准考证打印入口一般在考前一周陆续开通,各省准考证打印时间略有不同,考生在各省规定时间内登录中国人事考试网进入“准考证打印”界面,下载打印准考证。建议准考证打印入口开通后,大家一定要尽早去打印,以免错过打印时间耽误考试。而且可以多打印几份备存,同时将电子版存档留好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnpL7vn8WZbNDXib7HR9ygzb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考流程视频","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnTVf34ly2in1Gcf11sZ04Bh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"实在不会的小伙伴们,可以参考以下社工考试报名流程视频:【2022初/中级社工考试报名指南,详细流程手把手教你】https://b23.tv/Oze75hK","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEc53WZ3aJebFlJMFWE5PUh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"如何备考","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnRTWHP8snl8LvlBwbVkDR6f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"备考计划","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn77VGq99ET5ariZu1ZitQth"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"预习阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniUSOISqfGaRtOJTRavcFbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"预习阶段(开始备考-3月),备考建议:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6hZhyifewfSJL3wFdHKtSf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.根据需要学习的内容制定好学习计划。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno4ePhJcP7jaR2Sy60rvzee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.预习阶段的学习主要以2022年考试教材为根本,熟悉教材内容,了解核心考点、熟悉知识框架。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng4qo1wJVzSy77pjw8tA20d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.新版教材出版(2023年3月中旬)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0HcCCE6GrdJqLrjZR2Up2d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"本阶段的重大节点:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU1dhFM23Cjw4eNYNyuUUYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2023年社会工作者考试教材出版发行,教材每年都会或多或少有些变化,尤其法规部分,变动的可能性更大,因此,建议购买新版教材。认真查看考试大纲,根据考试大纲来标注教材中的重难点,中社在线也会及时上传教材变化对比,针对教材变化大的地方,可以着重记忆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnpV5f9AQn6Cf4mcjmGUDrwe"},,"attrs":{"height":767,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"预习阶段","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ab8838e35aca4b8797277ae2f77411b9","width":1101},"text":"","id":"doxcnhcQsj4z9eTHixbB4AhN1pf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"基础阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjfja9nj4BlNFWHLBiHCwye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"基础阶段(2023年3-4月),备考建议:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn55xnXUGkKwtm2YOYcSF7Lh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结合官方教材及教辅书本进行学习,在基础阶段要逐章逐节进行系统学习,掌握基础理论和知识点。因为考试大纲和教材是命题的重要依据,包含了命题范围和答案标准。此阶段要夯实基础,认真学习每一章内容。可以选择一些有实力的网校机构,目前市面上知名度以及好评度比较高的有环球网校和233网校以及优路教育,233网校在其官网首页有网课试听的视频片段,可以感受一下课程的质量。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnNFzF7YoySogxYvth3EjXhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"本阶段的重大节点:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngkmVI8NOUUk3ZXQ4sMiQTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2019年以前(疫情前),社会工作者报名时间都是4月报名6月考试。2022年是4月21号陆续开启报名通道,估计2023年报名公告发布时间为2023年4月份。报名入口开通后,建议各位考生尽早准备报名相关事项,报名时间大约会持续10天左右,报名照片有特定要求,大家一定要根据各地的要求提前准备,尽快完成报名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnDKRSWmUTAnmSvCp5kXnoKg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"强化阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjdi8tGIcU3UdUjCGFydUvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"强化阶段(2023年5月),备考建议:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc1jmAsAGZHVziWbLiBae2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这时候已学完一遍教材,要做到归纳知识体系,跨章节知识融会贯通,进行综合性复习。找出理解上的障碍,先用铅笔勾画出重点、难点、考点,做到心中有数。对每章的内容及重要考点有一定的掌握,根据自己的基础明确要掌握知识的40%~到60%;要明确自己的不足为正式备考打下基础。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniotEdOtEed0gHHsb1lCzWw"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这阶段,可以选择一些APP,比如钉题库、考题宝、233网校以及微信小程序社工考题宝等。像钉题库是有5000章以上的练习题是免费刷的,同时还有错题巩固,智能组卷等功能,都是比较方便的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIwwqz5g6OxPe3T3RhoRpbg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"冲刺阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndewiT1ZI0D2IA2Cz2Zg6yc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"冲刺阶段(2023年6月份),备考建议:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnbIPFmxTS45zSBPCFAHob1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先集中冲刺真题,保证每天一套真题,其次刷模拟题,透过题目看本质,总结做题方法,强化记忆。攻克重点、难点,掌握做题技巧。听课、做题两者要有效结合。同时大家需要做的就是查看自己的错题集,把之前的章节练习、真题冲刺的错题和不确定题都要重新看一遍,看看到底哪些考点错误率高,哪些内容没掌握,就回去重点看哪些考点,针对单个考点进行逐个击破,争取做到以点慨面,最快最有效的提高考试分数!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnemI9yZpOtAyKQtItbECC5P"},,"attrs":{"height":1046,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"冲刺阶段","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ce68986c94e747a39acf5faadf49f149","width":1487},"text":"","id":"doxcnb8CCGg0FQZ90tOqKaFJI5e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"刷题技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnb9TeRkl6PJMTxaHwUFUGec"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"助理级社会工作师考试主要是客观题,这对小白考生是比较容易的,在日常的刷题过程中保持着在多不在精的思路,大量刷题,这样在面对考试的时候,面对容易拿分的题目可以多拿一些,保证了通过率。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnDn4VrGiXs67SCwjnRAgSJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"而中级社会工作师考试中主观题的比例相较于之前提升了不少,可以说对题目的理解要更多一些,也可以说只有答的精准才行,不然洋洋洒洒写了不少,最后切合题意的并不多,一样是失分很严重的。所以在平常练习的时候,对于社会工作实务的题一定要多写一些才行,不管写的好与不好,重点就在于不断练习的过程中去拓宽自己的思路,打开自己的思维,围绕着题干去精准把握住要用到的知识点,然后去拓展,包括综合的题都是一样的道理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn1dEoMUFXqOpEVi4wT9Z7Gc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"还有的就是法规与政策,靠的就是理解式记忆还有联想式记忆,刷题的过程中去思考法规与政策的含义,这样能起到的作用更大一些。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns5MmLh12WIrjMuWDc6ZAqb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"成绩公布","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn1pf8NZVtYtMtvJkVvCUTrb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按照往年惯例,考试成绩原则上在","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"考试结束后两个月","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"在中国人事考试网(www.cpta.com.cn)发布。各科目合格标准一般为试卷满分的60%(特殊地区除外)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmFkawhaa0cTCzeBzLIEoSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"助理社会工作师、社会工作师职业水平考试合格,颁发人力资源社会保障部统一印制、人力资源社会保障部和民政部共同用印的","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《中华人民共和国社会工作者职业水平证书》","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",该证书在全国范围有效。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK4h3QUNS7FPULmD0XxSZre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"高级社会工作师实行考试和评审相结合的评价制度","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",高级社会工作师考试合格,颁发高级社会工作师考试成绩合格证明,该证明自颁发之日起,在全国范围3年内有效。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniYlxWKj1BgsHAa7u7qfNoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在该证明有效期内,符合高级社会工作师评审条件的,可以申请参加高级社会工作师评审,通过评审且经公示无异议后,颁发由人力资源社会保障部统一印制、人力资源社会保障部和民政部共同用印的","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《中华人民共和国社会工作者职业水平证书(高级社会工作师)》","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",该证书在全国范围内有效。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngtgrmXMnSmOMzm5G3A6mAe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"计分标准","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn7rFWwwCX9wHQwiWNPvqmzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、单项选择题为每小题1分,多选、错选、不选均不得分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWhz0hNC1PboPOzODnJttbM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、多项选择题为每小题2分,错选,本题不得分;少选,所选的每个选项得0.5分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnP76oZMkarKJvm8sc3fYHof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、案例分析题(中级实务)为每小题20分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnp7uEH3mTyBH9qPknQrvoDc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、案例分析题、论述题(高级)1道必答案例题20分。2道选答案例题(3选2),每道25分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcntdUm6QSOVxGqtq4D5u5kmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、选答论述题(2选1)每道30分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE1FMDqwI125DMGRQOjimHe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"证书领取","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMxFhzo1vpn2SBaieHu0xhc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"助理级社会工作师证书、社会工作师证书以及高级社会工作师证书由中国人社部统一颁发,证书在全国范围内有效。证书的领取时间按照往年发放的时间做参考,基本上是考试成绩公布两个月以后。具体的领取时间是要查看各地的人事考试网发布的领证公告。社会工作师证书领取主要是现场领取和邮寄领取这两种方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnD0czg9ogQKotJtfKVDobHd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"现场领取","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqgIeS4BeNVNIUWTufwlC6d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现场领取证书考生可以自己携带身份证件、成绩单打印表到各地人事考试网发布的领证公告中的当地详细领证地点领取。现场领取考生也可以让他人或者单位代领。要注意代领需要代领人及持证人有效身份证原件,但是代领在有些地区是不允许的,具体要看当地的要求。可以拨打当地人事考试网办公室电话询问。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHVZVRJUfiZjOrzo6m5DtWn"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"邮寄领取","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkHKf8JivEzXgRjKGpuSVfh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择邮寄领取就要在规定的时间之内进入各地人事考试网发布的领证公告中规定的邮寄申请的页面,按照要求填写详细信息,申请邮寄证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoRsl4IACuG1YmeHnz298Fh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电子证书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniBlBaKI6I60Vws7FDXeUkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2021年12月16日,社会工作者职业水平考试专业技术人员职业资格的电子证书使用“中华人民共和国人力资源和社会保障部专业技术人员职业资格证书专用章”电子印章。官网:http://www.mohrss.gov.cn/xxgk2020/fdzdgknr/zcfg/gfxwj/rcrs/202112/t20211221_430806.html。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn7VRozFkDZdtzBCXQtUcJWd"},,"attrs":{"height":390,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电子证书","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/92e88e5410194b7cb249638623007223","width":551},"text":"","id":"doxcnD0GeATX7UTC2WHO9VYpLih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6LhH1PctwV0eLL17FKxZfh"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

小学生写的作文往哪里投稿可以有稿费

我常常将学生的优秀作文进行投稿,特整理了340个全国各地的小学生作文投稿常用的最新电子信箱,希望能对你的投稿有所帮助。并不是所有的投稿都有稿费的,但大多数投稿是给样刊样报的。

1安徽《少儿科技》shaoerkeji@163.com

2安徽《少年博览》1-6shaonianbolan@sina.com

3安徽《学生周刊》499502656@qq.com

4安徽《学语文》56xb4@shuren100.com

5安徽《阳光姐姐》1219634843@qq.com

6北京《帮作文》ssx_bangzuowen@sina.cn

7北京《东方少年》dfsnklwx@163.com

8北京《读书与作文》12dsyzw11@aliyun.com

9北京《读书与作文》3-6dsyzw04@aliyun.com

10北京《儿童文学》ertongwenxue@gmail.com

11北京《父母必读》12pn@bph.com.cn

12北京《父母必读》3-6fumubidu@vip.sina.com

13北京《孩子天地.小作家》hztd3h@sina.com

14北京《课外阅读》kewaiyuedu@yeah.net

15北京《满分作文》mfzw2005@yahoo.com.vn

16北京《轻松写作文》qsxzw@126.com

17北京《全国中小学生优秀作文精选》1481595538@qq.com

18北京《少先队小干部》xiaoganbu@263.net

19北京《天天爱学习》1tiantianzuowen1@163.com

20北京《天天爱学习》2tiantianzuowen2@163.com

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25北京《童话》yilintonghua2011@163.com

26北京《童趣乐酷课堂》(1-3)nwnuxr@yahoo.com.cn

27北京《下一代英才》xydyc01@qq.com

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29北京《乡村少年》xcsn@cnr.cn

30北京《小百科》xiaobaike@yeah.net

31北京《小读者》xiaoduzhe2003@263.net

32北京《小学生百科》12xyz8610@126.com

33北京《小学生生活》3-6xxssh@126.com

34北京《小学语文》xxywjsb@126.com

35北京《小作家报》1242798119@qq.com

36北京《学与玩》zhjj010@sina.cn

37北京《雪花》xhjcyd@sina.cn

38北京《意林小文学》405494105@qq.com

39北京《幼儿教育导读》cmktg@public3.bta.net.cn

40北京《语文导报》34zwdb34@sohu.com

41北京《语文导报》56zwdb56@sohu.com

42北京《语文世界》yuwenhijie@163.com

43北京《中国少年报》003@ccppg.com.cn

44北京《中国少年儿童》china.child@263.net

45北京《中国少年文摘》wuyusan@sina.com

46北京《中国校园文学》why369@126.com

47北京《中华活页文选》3-6xiaoxue@zhbc.163.com

48北京《中华少年》zhsnbjb@sohu.com

49北京《中外童话故事》worldfairy168@yahoo.com.cn

50北京《作文宝典》Zuowenbaodian@163.com

51北京通州《学与玩》xueyuwan@sina.com

52福建《海峡儿童》12haixia@fjedu.com.cn

53福建《海峡儿童》3-6duxietiandi@fjedu.com.cn

54福建《快乐语文》12klywdnxs@126.com

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66甘肃《学生天地》12tiandidiyou@163.com

67甘肃《学生天地》3-6tiandizhonggao@163.com

68甘肃《学生天地●大作文》xstdzwzk@126.com

69甘肃《意林童话》yilintonghua2011@163.com

70广东《广东第二课堂》dekt@gdjy.cn

71广东《孩子》(小学版)childtxty@vip.163.com

72广东《花季雨季●快乐文学少年》daduxiong@126.com

73广东《花季雨季●阅读与作文》huajiyuji2011@163.com

74广东《少先队员》sxdyzz@163.com

75广东《现代中小学生报》xdzxxsbxsjzz@126.com

76广东《小伙伴》xhbbook@163.com

77广东《小艺术家》83565422@163.com

78广东《学习周报》1xxzby_rj1@126.com

79广东《学习周报》2xxzby_rj2@126.com

80广东《学习周报》6xxzby_rj6@126.com

81广西《创新作文》12cxzw2010@163.com

82广西《创新作文》34cxzw888@163.com

83广西《创新作文》56itmag@163.com

84广西《科学与奥秘》xbska@126.com

85广西《小博士报》12qmb999@163.com

86广西《小博士报》34xbsbs@126.com

87广西《小博士报》56xbsbg999@126.com

88广西《学苑创造●A版》1-2xycz-a@163.com

89广西《学苑创造●B版》3-6xycz-b@163.com

90广西《作文大王》12littlezwdw@vip.sohu.com

91广西《作文大王》3-6zwdwxx@vip@sina.com

92贵州《少年时代报》snsdbdnj@126.com

93海南《特区报.小作家》hntqbxzj0104@163.com

94河北《儿童大世界》qicatongnianzazhi@163.com

95河北《快乐作文》(中)dalianmao999@126.com

96河北《快乐作文》12xiaotuya999@126.com

97河北《快乐作文》56dazuiba999@126.com

98河北《少年素质教育报》1ssyuwen1@163.com

99河北《少年素质教育报》2ssyuwen2@163.com

100河北《少年素质教育报》3ssyuwen3@163.com

101河北《少年素质教育报》4ssyuwen4@163.com

102河北《少年素质教育报》5ssyuwen5@163.com

103河北《少年素质教育报》6ssyuwen6@163.com

104河北《少智报读写版》3ywdx3@126.com

105河北《少智报读写版》4ywdx4@126.com

106河北《少智报读写版》5ywdx5@126.com

107河北《少智报读写版》6ywdx6@126.com

108河北《小学生必读》12liuliyungood@sohu.com

109河北《小学生必读》34zuoxiufang@sohu.com

110河北《小学生必读》56945890692@qq.com

111河北《学苑新报》3-61065471286@qq.com

112河北《语文周报》1ywzbxx1@vip.163.com

113河北《语文周报》2ywzbxx2@vip.163.com

114河北《语文周报》3ywzbxz3@163.com

115河北《语文周报》4ywzbxz4@163.com

116河北《语文周报》5ywzbxz5@163.com

117河北《语文周报》6ywzbxz6@163.com

118河南《疯狂作文》fkzwxxb@163.com

119河南《好少年》383198049@qq.com

120河南《金色少年》jinseshaonian@126.com

121河南《快乐学习报》yayadnb@163.com

122河南《下一代英才》2xydyc02@qq.com

123河南《小学生学习报》34xbznj4@163.com

124河南《小学生作文选刊》xiaoxuesheng360@163.com

125河南《小樱桃.好少年》2944178757@qq.com

126河南《小樱桃》12xoytohaha@126.com

127河南《小樱桃●童年阅读》282689767@qq.com

128河南《幼儿智力开发画报》hycbs@371.net

129河南《语文知识》ywzs@zzu.edu.cn

130河南《语言文字报》12yywzb@sina.com

131河南《作文》月刊zwbjb@126.com

132河南《作文指导报》34zwzdbxz@163.com

133河南《作文指导报》56zwzdbxg@163.com

134黑龙江《提前读写报》tqdxb789@163.com

135黑龙江《童花果》345201153@qq.com

136黑龙江《小豆丁》12cnxdd1@hotmail.com

137黑龙江《小学阅读指南》xxydzn@vip.163.com

138黑龙江《小学阅读指南》(高)xxydzn@vip.163.com

139黑龙江《小雪花》3-6sdmns@163.com

140黑龙江《小雪花●小学生快乐作文》ws1986.good@163.com

141黑龙江《学生之友》xszyzz@163.com

142黑龙江《作文成功之路》zuowencg_xx@126.com

143湖北《读写算》(低)dxsdx@163.com

144湖北《读写算》(高)dxs301@163.com

145湖北《读写算》(中)dxs302@163.com

146湖北《孩子天地》wcongjoy@yahoo.com.cn

147湖北《科学课》zrjw@tom.com

148湖北《马小跳》maxiaotiao2010@qq.com

149湖北《少年写作》bjb@snzj.net

150湖北《帅作文》szwxxb01@sina.com

151湖北《小桔灯作文》xjdxinxiang@126.com

152湖南《第二课堂》dektzx@163.com

153湖南《发明与创新》fmyczbjb@163.com

154湖南《花火.小学生作文辅导》3-6yangmeiok2004@yahoo.com.cn

155湖南《童话寓言》1916807076@qq.com

156湖南《小天使报》1-3xtsbao123@126.com

157湖南《小天使报》4xtsbao44@126.com

158湖南《小天使报》5xtsbao55@126.com

159湖南《小天使报》6xtsbao66@126.com

160湖南《小溪流》3-6xxlbjb@188.com

161湖南《小学生导刊》(低)xxsdk11@163.com

162湖南《小学生导刊》(高)xxsdk55@163.com

163湖南《小学生导刊》(中)xxsdk33@163.com

164湖南《学生●家长●社会》xjs1108@tom.com

165湖南《中外童话》zwtonghua@sina.com

166吉林《启迪与智慧》qdyzh39@163.com

167吉林《小学生故事》shuifenwang@163.com

168吉林《小学生阅读报》12xiao_yue_88@sina.com

169吉林《小学生阅读报》34tianbiye1983@163.com

170吉林《小学生阅读报》3-6zwxinbuluo@163.com

171吉林《小学生阅读报》56ly5634@163.com

172吉林《小学生阅读与写作》12jjzn@nenu.edu.cn

173吉林《小学生阅读与写作》34xytky@163.com

174吉林《小学生阅读与写作》56zhxm_jl@163.com

175吉林《小学生作文辅导》tongxin5644811@163.com

176吉林《小学时代●奥妙》xxsdam@126.com

177吉林《小学时代●妙笔作文》xxsdmb@126.com

178吉林《小学作文一点通》zwydt2008@163.com

179吉林《新伙伴》3-6zxxdj@263.net

180吉林《意林图解作文》2230082422@qq.com

181吉林《优秀作文选评》yxzwxiao@163.com

182吉林《语文同步周报》(3-4)592714093@qq.com

183吉林《阅读与作文》(高)ydyxwgao@tom.com

184吉林《阅读与作文》(中)ydyxwzhong@tom.com

185吉林《阅读与作文》12ydyzwdi@tom.com

186吉林《阅读与作文》56ydyzwgao@tom.com

187吉林《智慧少年》xingxue411@163.com

188吉林《作文与考试》(4-6)zuowenyukaoshi@126.com

189吉林《作文与考试》1-3duxiehuakan@126.com

190吉林《作文与阅读报》zwyydb@163.com

191吉林《作文之友.阅读版》3-6zwzyxx@163.com

192吉林四平《作文评点报》(3-6)zwdpbxxb@163.com

193吉林四平《作文评点报●作文素材》zwpdbxxscb@163.com

194江苏《创新作文与阅读》duyidu@126.com

195江苏《关心下一代周报》zbxjzwxs@163.com

196江苏《快乐文学》klwx2009@126.com

197江苏《七彩语文.习作》3-6qcywcn@163.com

198江苏《七彩语文》12qcyw2008@163.com

199江苏《七彩语文》34qicaiyw_zb@126.com

200江苏《七彩语文》56qicaiyw_gb@126.com

201江苏《全国优秀作文选》12yuhaomiao1982@163.com

202江苏《全国优秀作文选》3-6qgyxzwx@163.com

203江苏《少年文艺》zmeishu@QQ.com

204江苏《时代学习报》2-6lyzhoukan@163.com

205江苏《新语文学习》12xywxx_xx@163.com

206江苏《新语文学习》3-6xywxx_zw@yahoo.com.cn

207江苏《阅读》(高)yueduG@126.com

208江苏《阅读》(中)yueduZ@126.com

209江西《聪明泉》lmm105@sohu.com

210江西《读写月报》dxyb-xx@163.net

211江西《课程导报》3kcdbyw3@126.com

212江西《课程导报》4kcdbyw4@126.com

213江西《课程导报》5kcdbyw5@126.com

214江西《课程导报》6kcdbyw6@126.com

215江西《小猕猴》1-6997846884@qq.com

216江西《小星星》12zuowenmgc@163.com

217江西《小星星》4-621-xxx@vip.sina.com

218江西《小学生天地》xxstd22@sina.com

219江西《小学生之友》xsw0791@sina.com

220江西《作文100分》3-6zuowen100@163.com

221辽宁《少年大世界●A》1-3sndsja@163.com

222辽宁《少年大世界●B》4-6sndsjb@163.com

223辽宁《少年科普报》snkpb@263.net

224辽宁《文学少年》12lnwxsn@sina.com

225辽宁《文学少年》3-6LNWXSN@SINA.COM

226辽宁《小学生优秀作文》12xzwdnj@mail.lnpgc.com.cn

227辽宁《小学生优秀作文》34xzwznj@mail.lnpgc.com.cn

228辽宁《小学生优秀作文》56xxs@mail.lnpgc.com.cn

229辽宁《新少年》179329520@qq.com

230辽宁《语文辅导报》56ywfdb@126.com

231辽宁《作文评点报》12zwpdbdyb@163.com

232辽宁《作文评改报》3-6xxzwpgb@163.com

233内蒙古《百柳.简妙作文》jmzw66@126.com

234内蒙古《中外童话画刊》lxjcindy2008@163.com

235内蒙古《作文报》zwbs@263.net

236宁夏川《少年读者》youngreader@sina.com

237山东《成功少年》qdcgsn@163.com

238山东《成长先锋/智慧作文》xiaojizhe@yahoo.com.vn

239山东《聪明语文》ywking2008@16.com

240山东《当代小学生》12ddxxs_d@126.com

241山东《当代小学生》3-6ddxxs_g@126.com

242山东《红蕾》3-6hl.gushibaoku@163.com

243山东《金笔小作家报》3-6jbzwtg@163.com

244山东《齐鲁少年》qlshn@163.com

245山东《山东青年报.教育周刊》sdjyzk@163.com

246山东《少年天地.写作》sntdxx@163.com

247山东《小葵花》读写happyduxie@163.com

248山东《沿海作文报》zuowenbaoyhxx@126.com

249山东《中国小作家》zgxzj001@163.com

250山东《小笔头作文》xbtzw01@163.com

251山东《作文总动员》zw@zhiquyuan.com

252山西《青少年日记》qsnrjxiaoxue@163.com

253山西《小学生●新读写》xxstongtong@126.com

254山西《小学生拼音报》12xxspyb@pinyinbao.com

255山西《小学生拼音报》34pyblihua@126.com

256山西《小学生拼音报》56lxy66126@163.com

257山西《小学生杂志》379760704@qq.com

258山西《新课程》34xkchxy34@sina.com

259山西《新课程》56xkchxy56@sina.com

260山西《新作文》14994715@qq.com

261山西《学习报》34xiaoxue@xuexibao.com

262山西《学习报》56xiaoxue@xuexibao.com

263山西《学习方法报》1xxzbry1@126.com

264山西《学习方法报》2xxzbry2@126.com

265山西《学习方法报》3xxzbry3@126.com

266山西《学习方法报》4xxzbry4@126.com

267山西《学习方法报》6xxzbry6@126.com

268山西《语文报》12xyb12@ywtd.com.cn

269山西《语文报》34xyb34@ywtd.com.cn

270山西《语文报》56xyb56@ywtd.com.cn

271山西《中外童话故事》zwth331@sina.com

272山西《作文周刊》(3)xx3zwzk@163.com

273山西《作文周刊》(5)xx5zwzk@163.com

274山西《作文周刊》12xxdnj.zwzk@163.com

275山西《作文周刊》4xx4zwzk@163.com

276山西《作文周刊》6xx6zwzk@163.com

277陕西《爱读写》12aiduxie@126.com

278陕西《爱读写》3-6aiduxie@qq.com

279陕西《快乐日记》happyriji@126.com

280陕西《快乐童话》kuailetonghua@126.com

281陕西《快乐新语文》1-3383933741@qq.com

282陕西《快乐新语文》4-6aiyuwen2010@126.com

283陕西《快乐作文与阅读》kuaile.8@126.com

284陕西《趣味语文》12qwyw12@126.com

285陕西《趣味语文》3-6qwyw3456@126.com

286陕西《少年月刊》12snykb1976@sina.com

287陕西《少年月刊》3-6snyka1976@sina.com

288陕西《童话party》tonghuaparty@126.com

289陕西《童话世界》A版ithsja@163.com

290陕西《童话世界》B版thsjdayamei@163.com

291陕西《兴趣语文与阅读》2241695072@qq.com

292陕西《幽默小读者》ymxdz@qq.com

293陕西《做人与作文》zryzw@126.com

294上海《冰心少年文学》1759717803@qq.com

295上海《儿童时代》12klmmtougao@126.com

296上海《儿童时代》3-6tougao@childrenepoch.com

297上海《少年日报》shshaonianbao@yahoo.com.vn

298上海《为了孩子》children@online.sh.cn

299上海《小青蛙报》12christinezhou@163.com

300上海《小学科技》xxkj@sste.com

301上海《小主人报》xzrbsgjzx@163.com

302上海《中文自修》zhang_yuanwen@hotmail.com

303上海《作文世界》xuowenshijiesh@163.com

304上海《作文世界》zuowenshijiesh@163.com

305四川《红领巾●成长》hlj1951g@sina.com

306四川《红领巾●萌芽》hlj1951g@sina.xom

307四川《教育导报》jydbjjzk@21cn.com

308四川《课堂内外》gushidingdang@126.com

309四川《课堂内外●创新作文》3-6cxzw63659795@126.com

310四川《少年时代》12shaonianshidai92@sina.cn

311四川《少年时代》3-6cdhs804@163.com

312四川《娃娃丫丫》12wpwwhk@163.com

313四川《小学生生活》xxssh@126.com

314天津《开心学堂》kaixinxuetang@126.com

315天津《求知报》qzzks@126.com

316天津《少年心世界》snxsj@126.com

317天津《同学少年》txsn@sina.com

318天津《童话王国(原创版)》tonghuawg@126.com

319天津《小学生作文》(低)xxszw@126.com

320天津《小学生作文》56xxszw2@126.com

321香港《儿童报》ertongbao@163.com

322云南《蜜蜂报》mifengbao@sina.com

323云南《学生新报》xueshengxinbao@163.com

324浙江《21世纪少年作家》webmaster@sharpwriter.net

325浙江《轻松学语文》1426573224@qq.com

326浙江《少年作家》zjsnzj@163.com

327浙江《未来作家报》3-6xxb@wlzjb.com

328浙江《小爱迪生》xads2000@263.net

329浙江《小学生时代》xxssd@zjjybkzs.com

330浙江《小学生世界》12ertongshi@yahoo.com.cn

331浙江《幽默大师》molizhihui@qq.com

332浙江《幼儿智力世界》yzsj@zjcb.com

333浙江《智慧》读写1966417131@qq.com

334浙江《作文新天地》zwxtd@jxyk.com

335重庆《少年读者》12xueyuwen_xd@163.com

336重庆《少年读者》3-6xueyuwen_xg@163.com

337重庆《少年先锋报》snxfb@163.com

338重庆《世界儿童》shuxin517@yahoo.com.cn

339重庆《小学生新作文》xzw@new-class.cn

340重庆《小学生阅读》sjet@vip.sina.com

如何学国画

学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不仅能解放人的天性,给人带来满足感、成就感,而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人,随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升,所作的画作也如陈年老酒,愈发醇香,愈发动人。

工具

首先要熟悉工具,选择一套合适的工具来作画。

国画使用的笔统称为毛笔,根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。

软毫笔以羊毫为多,鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别,各有不同的表现力。

硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利,易于掌握和使用,其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。

兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成,此笔软硬适中,适于勾线,也适于渲染用。

画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔(1-2根)、大中小号白云羊毫笔(约3根)。

画写意,准备硬毫笔(长锋短锋各备一支),如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等,兼毫备一支即可。

提示

笔一开始不要买太多,常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置,书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。

笔架

笔架就是架笔之物,是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔,以免毛笔污损他物。

调色盘

调色盘就是调和颜料的容器,是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形,呈梅花状,但也有方形或其他不规则形状,质地以陶瓷类较多,而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉,通常为初学者或业余人士使用。

墨汁

中国传统绘画尤重用墨,笔以达气,墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵,求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化,可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。

以墨代色,力求单纯、明快、概括,是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化,表现各种色彩感觉,富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束,代之以感情的意匠色彩。

推荐墨汁

墨有很多种,市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁,北京一得阁的云头艳,红星墨液,北京墨汁,中华墨汁,曹素功墨汁,珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。

1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种:一种是红星玄宗,一种是进口玄宗,其特点是浓墨显得很厚重,淡墨显得很润泽,不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。

2、北京一得阁墨汁,百年老字号,价格低廉,性价比高。代表性产品为云头艳,其特点为,墨迹光亮、淡墨表现力强,层次感丰富、浓淡五色、书写流利等特点,美中不足的便是胶性比较大,易凝结。下图是用北京一得阁墨绘制的国画效果图。

3、红星墨汁,安徽红星墨液公司出品。代表产品有两种,一种是红星墨液,另一种是玄宗墨液(国产),玄宗墨液(国产)跟红星墨液最大的区别在于黑度,玄宗墨液(国产)的黑度优于红星墨液,淡墨的层次,表现效果差,笔锋交叉处,呈现糊状。

4、雄狮墨汁,台湾品牌,代表产品为雄狮书法墨汁,黑度强劲,层次感强、浓淡五色、书写流利,合成树脂胶(零下20℃凝结),四季适宜书画,宜书宜裱。适宜练习、出一般作品和出贵重作品用,是票友和专业人士的首选。

5、曹素功墨汁,国内老字号。产品价格低廉。代表性产品为墨块。

颜料

矿物颜料

矿物颜料有朱砂、赭石、石青、石绿、石黄、白粉、金粉、银粉等。除赭石等少数矿物颜料外,多数矿物颜料都具有渗化性差、不透明性、遮盖力强等特点。由于这类颜料源于矿物质,虽经千年亦可保持其鲜艳色彩。

植物颜料

植物颜料有花青、藤黄、胭脂、洋红。植物颜料和化学颜料渗化性较好,透明度高。除藤黄等少数颜料外,大多没有遮盖能力。故一般不宜以色盖色。这正是中国画必须下笔准确,忌反复修改的原因。

化学颜料

化学颜料有曙红、深红、大红、铬黄、天蓝。

特点及用途

赭石:矿物类,但其质较轻清,半透明,可单独使用,也可调和其他颜料后使用,是一种用途广泛的颜料。在淡彩山水中,常作为山石、树干主色,也可用于画夕阳反照下的远山。在花鸟画中,常与墨(调和后成为赭墨)或与其他色料调和,或混合使用,多用于画枝、干、翎毛。在人物画中,常用于人物皮肤底色。调入花青或绿色可用于画远山、老叶子。赭石加藤黄为赭黄,用于深秋黄叶、秋景中的土坡、草间细路。草绿中加入赭石调成苍绿,用于秋天石坡、土径。

朱膘:矿物类或人工合成。常与胭脂、洋红、藤黄调和使用。朱膘调墨可得厚重而偏亮的赭色。

朱砂:矿物类,为天然汞化物,近代也有人工合成的朱砂,遮盖力强,一般是单独使用,且多用浓重之原色点秋天红叶、花,亭台栏杆。不宜与石青、石绿调和使用。实际上,所有矿物颜料,除胭脂外,一般都不宜与植物色相调和。

石青:矿物类,遮盖力极强。在青绿山水中用于罩染突出部位的山石,是青绿山水之主色。在石青制作过程中,将石料研磨澄汰后,按其质地轻重,又可将石青分为头青、二青、三青、四青。一般山水画只用质地较轻的二青、三青,多用于点夹叶、醒点苔。因石青相对粗糙,染山石时,一般要分几次逐步上足色彩,待第一遍干后再着第二遍,忌在未干时反复涂抹。

石绿:矿物类,遮盖力较强。澄汰后也可分为头绿、二绿、三绿、四绿。头绿质地较重,颜色较深,山水画中较少使用。二绿、三绿在淡彩、重彩山水画中使用较为广泛。石绿可与草绿(如花青加藤黄所调成的草绿)结合使用,此时需用套色法(或用草绿打底,待干后罩石绿;或先用石绿平涂,待干后再染草绿)。

石黄:矿物类,在山水画中仅用于点秋景夹叶、秋景苔。画大片成熟的庄稼可先用赭石、藤黄染湿后再点石黄以示成熟。

金粉:矿物类,除一般进口金粉外,还有佛赤泥金和青赤泥金,系用金箔研成,前者色正偏暖,后者发青偏冷。用于重彩山水画和工笔、人物、花鸟画,一般在勾线时方使用。

银粉:矿物类,用途与金粉类同。

白粉:矿物类或人工合成,有铅白、锌白、蛤粉等,铅管所装的又称锌钛白。不透明。画云、雪、瀑布、花鸟、人物等均需用之。锌钛白还可与花青、藤黄、赭石乃至墨等调和使用,但其度较难把握。如画杨树干即可调入绿色。

花青:植物类或人工合成,半透明,可与藤黄、洋红、赭石、白粉等多种颜料调和,用途极为广泛,画山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其调和色。与藤黄调和,依据比例不同可调和各种绿色。青花调墨后称花青墨,其色为墨绿(螺青)。与曙红或胭脂调和后为紫色。

藤黄:植物类,是藤本植物的树脂所制,有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中,既可单独使用,又可与其他许多颜料或墨(可调成橄榄绿)调和使用,用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色,与赭石调和可成檀色。

洋红:又称西洋红、曙红。植物类或人工合成,半透明,在花鸟画中,多单独或调和后,用于画花、红叶、蔬果,用途广泛。在山水画众多用于画亭台、屋顶、红叶等,在人物画众多用于面、唇、底饰等。

胭脂:植物类,为胭脂花制品,半透明。在山水画中用于春天的桃花与秋天的红叶,在花鸟画中可用于画紫红色蔬果、翎毛、花、叶、芽苞,也有用其点花心、勾叶筋的。在人物画中,可用于画人物、棉布、衣饰、花卉配景等。胭脂与曙红、朱膘可调出各种红色系的色相。调入墨则成紫色,调入赭则成赭色胭脂。

大红:与曙红色彩相近,略淡于曙红。用法与曙红类同。

颜色调配方法

颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用,若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透,因此作画时对程序要心中有数,以使笔触衔接自然,达到预想效果。

1、草绿:约70%花青+30%藤黄调配而成,画工笔花卉的叶子最常用的色彩之一。

2、汁绿:约80%藤黄+15%花青+5%朱磦调和成的嫩绿色,常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。

3、老绿:草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂,常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩,薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。

4、檀香色:约70%藤黄+20%朱磦+10%三绿调配而成,加大量水以后常用来刷背景,也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。

5、米黄:约70%藤黄+30%赭石,主要用来刷背景,在重彩画的绘制中打一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。

6、三绿:石绿+白色而得,白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。

7、老赭:朱磦+墨调和而成,接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。

8、胭脂水:胭脂色+大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条,曙红水、花青水等说法同理

9、豆绿色(三绿+藤黄+少许酞青蓝)

10、墨红色(曙红+稍许墨)

11、赭绿色(赭石+草绿)。

12、古铜色(朱磦+墨+少许藤黄+少许曙红)

13、汁绿色(草绿+藤黄+少许朱磦)

14、灰绿色(三绿+少许墨)

15、芽绿色(汁绿+藤黄)

16、米黄色(藤黄+朱磦+少许墨)

17、桔黄色(藤黄+朱磦)

18、墨青色(花青+墨)

19、藏青蓝(酞青蓝+墨+少许石青)

20、绛红色(胭脂+朱磦+少许墨)

21、紫色(曙红+少许酞青蓝)

22、墨绿色(草绿+少许墨)

23、老绿色(草绿+少许胭脂)

24、翠绿色(酞青蓝+藤黄+少许翡翠绿)

25、褐色(赭石+墨)

26、檀香色(藤黄+朱磦+少许三绿)

27、蓝灰色(花青+白粉+少许三青)

28、豆沙色(胭脂+朱磦+少许花青)

29、土红色(朱磦+少许胭脂)

30、青绿色(草绿+少许酞青蓝)

31、四绿色(三绿+白色)

32、胭脂水(胭脂+大量水)

33、青灰色(花青+少许墨+白色)

34、蓝色(酞青蓝+三青)

35、朱红色(朱磦+曙红)

36、紫青色(胭脂+少许酞青蓝)

推荐颜料

目前,书画店中所售的国画颜料,从包装方式上也有两种:一种是传统手工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片,质量较好,且加过胶,只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料,挤出来即可使用,但质量不如片制颜料。初学绘画,多使用后一种。

初学者选择马利、樱花牌(樱花无沉淀更细腻)都可以。马利黄色包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀,蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌,另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料,又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。(比如姜思序堂)

宣纸

写意画选生宣,工笔画选熟宣,生宣纸又分棉皮,净皮,特皮,檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮,适合大写意,洇墨厉害,多画于山水画,更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮,适应画花鸟画,墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。

画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣,孰宣之分,不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感,意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣,适应画小写意,浓淡相宜,墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画,宣纸画山水画,卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。

用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色,而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边,所以形要准,着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此,不适应反复上色,深浅掌握好,两遍而过。初学者适合用宣纸画,花鸟画,山水画画个一遍,熟练生巧后换卡纸画。

推荐用纸

与中国画笔墨最为匹配的载体无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸,这种纸在发挥中国画笔墨表现力方面很强,物理性能稳定。

徽州的宣纸最好,品牌有很多,名牌的初学者不适用,一般的就可以。除了红星,双鹿,汪同王的宣纸很好用,墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画,不用裱画,直接装框就好。

在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重,好纸不一定白,太白说明增白剂太多,不利久藏;好的熟宣纸纸白但不刺眼,反光柔和,纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。

生宣纸

熟宣纸

镇纸

作画时维镇纸是中国古代传统工艺品。指写字作画时用以压纸的东西,常见的多为长方条形,因故也称作镇尺、压尺。

镇纸的材质多种多样,以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多,上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案,也有动物和人物的立体形象。

推荐镇纸

现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸,可以根据自己的需求购买。

1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸

2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸

3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸

4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸

5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸

手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选,一个是葫芦蟋蟀,还有是墨趣。

6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸

7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸

笔洗

笔洗是一种传统工艺品,属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具,是用来盛水洗笔的器皿,以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐,传世的笔洗中,有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地,包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等,基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中,最常见的是瓷笔洗。

笔洗的作用是可以润笔,在绘画中,许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。

初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。

毛毡

制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤,因材料和工艺的差别,而产出各式各样的书画毡。

用它衬在宣纸下面,防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸,弄得画面上一塌糊涂;衬了毛毡,因为毛毡不吸水,就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售,大小不一,根据自己的画幅大小选购。

初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多,市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的,也有50厘米×70厘米的。

购买之前,务必看清楚毛毡的大小。然后看毛毡上米字格的大小,一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米,小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度,以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说,质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚,有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡,对于国画初学者来说就够了。

如果要画大幅的作品,那就需要买大的厚的毛毡,更大更厚的毛毡托墨性能和吸墨能力更强,显然也更合适。

砚台

砚台是用来磨墨和装墨汁的,初学者可用小碟子代替用来装墨。如果想拥有更好的砚台可以选购妙峰牌徐公砚。

其他

纸胶带/水胶带:绷宣纸用的;

喷壶:绷绢、做特殊效果时会使用;

底纹笔/底纹刷:用来刷底色的大刷子,羊毫做的,要很软才行;

美工钉、盘子(调色用)。

国画技法

国画技法的主要有构思、构图、用笔、用墨、设色、收拾等方面,其中用笔用墨为最基本的技法)。

构思——又叫立意,即作画之前的形象思维过程。

构图——即六法中的“经营位置”,又叫置陈布势等。亦即画面各种物象的位置、比例、墨色等的安排。

用笔——即六法中的“骨法用笔”,有线描、勾勒、皴、擦、点染,笔用中锋、逆锋、藏锋、露锋、拖笔、破点等。

用墨——经历代画家发展有:焦、浓、重、淡、清、退、埃、宿等各种墨色,运用时须各得其所。又有泼墨、破墨(即浓淡相生)等具体技法。

设色——白描:不设色,全用线条表现,或仅以淡墨、淡水色稍加渲染。重彩:一般指工笔重彩、勾勒填色、大青绿等。淡彩:以墨色为主调,敷以淡彩色。没骨:纯用色彩画,并不勾线。(纯用墨点染,不沟勒的亦叫没骨。)

收拾——画成以后再作整体收拾,使全画最后达到气韵生动的境界。

笔墨

中国画表现形象的基本手段。我国历代画家在长期历史发展的过程中,已经形成了一套完整的笔墨技法和创造技巧。

笔墨表现形式

有白描、工笔、写其细部,整个画面纯用墨色,有的再加淡墨渲染。

白描——用细线勾画出物象轮廓及其细部,整个画面纯用墨色。有的再加淡墨渲染。

白描从线条的粗细可分三类:较粗的线条叫琴弦,较细的线条叫铁线,极细的线条叫游丝。工笔画常常用这几种线条来表现作品,钉头鼠尾描、兰叶描、高古游丝描、铁线描、行云流水描。不论采用哪种线描,都突“写”字,使每一条线具有书法气韵。

工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔,工即工整工细之意,敷色也层也渲染,显得浑厚浓重。

工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的,根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀,贯穿着整个事物形体的始终,表现出蓬勃灵动而精工逼真的视觉外貌。因此,线条成为画面的统领者,其视觉观察的方式是客观而具体的。

写意——只写物象的大意,用笔简练流畅,笔墨自然,不用色的写意画,又称“水墨画”。

勾勒着色——亦称“单线平涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线,中间用墨或用色平涂。

粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗,比写意要工。

粗中有细——如花草画得粗,但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。

没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。

泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展,用大块墨色,再运用自然形成的浓淡,加上较细的笔道,有的地方还露出飞白,这样才见精神。

界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画,主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物,如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等,以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。

设色

设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情,画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青(可分头青、二青、三青等三种)、石绿(也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种),白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种,即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合,可以调出许多种颜色来。

墨彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线,完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳,因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多,因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感,但亦不能淡而失神,要使浓淡相宜,才具有清新神韵的效果。

淡彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到八九分,然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色,既能融合一体,又能显示墨的韵味,才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。

粉彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。在表现方法上多用于勾染和没骨。在颜色运用上以植物颜色和白粉为主,以水彩和淡薄的矿物质色为辅。粉彩勾线切忌用一色的浓墨,而要施淡墨为主。因为墨丝过浓和粉彩相并,则容易显得枯僵,缺乏妍丽。调粉的色彩不宜过厚,但也不能太淡薄,过淡则无神,要做到薄中见厚。粉彩用粉是重要关键。粉和色要用到晕化自然,不露粉痕,不显料气,干净滋润,才能发挥粉彩鲜明娇丽的特点。

重彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。重彩勾勒勾染的方法,并以服务态度和物质色为主,因用色比较厚重,所以色感较富丽带有装饰性称为重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中见厚,厚中生津,染不露痕,深浅自然。切忌脏、花、斑、枯、火、腻等。这些毛病多出于顺序不对,用笔不轻顺,用色过厚或厚薄不匀。

线描

中国民族绘画的主要造型手段。是构成中国画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的体积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色,有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染,具有独特的表现形式和造型规律,并富有韵味。用线的变化,要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重,由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。中国画用线造型的历史悠久,通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造,积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验,仅画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。

用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性,可以完美地刻划各种现象,表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。

白描

中国画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的,也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的,例如花用淡墨勾,叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好,然后根据表面具体情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的,是加重质感和浓淡的变化,使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然,更防止受原线路的约束,否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、体积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现,从某咱意义上说来,它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯,对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排,层次要分明,在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性,防止碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。

刘公华白描仕女图

皴法

国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现手法,是以线条勾勒轮廓,然后敷色。随着绘画的发展,为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和(凸凹),因地质的结构不同,表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。

石涛深山秋水图

皴法的种类

一般有(1)披麻皴、(2)乱麻皴、(3)芝麻皴、(4)大斧劈、(5)小斧劈皴、(6)卷云皴、(7)雨点皴(雨雪皴)、(8)弹涡皴、(9)荷叶皴、(10)矾头皴、(11)骷髅皴、(12)鬼皮皴、(13)解索皴、(14)、乱柴皴、(15)牛毛皴、(16)马牙皴、(17)斫皴、(18)点错皴;(19)豆瓣皴、(20)刺梨皴(豆瓣皴之变)、(21)破网皴、(22)折带皴、(23)泥里拨钉皴、(24)拖泥带水皴、(25)金碧皴、(26)没骨皴、(27)直擦皴、(28)横擦皴等。

墨法

古人说“墨即是色”,浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿,只干不湿太瘠枯,只湿不干太臃肿,浓淡干湿结合起来,变化多,生动而有气韵。

用墨之法

一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨,用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑,否则焦墨孤立,难见笔意。

积墨:用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次,有一种深厚的味道。

破墨:先用淡墨上纸,趁湿用湿墨加上,化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转,略似鱼鳞,由浓渐淡,参差不齐,谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。

用笔六要

一要自然有力,切忌呆滞。

二要变化而有联系,要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用,既有变化,还要互相联系。

三要苍老而滋润,苍老就显出含蓄的笔力,用笔光滑就显得雅嫩,过于苍老亦易枯燥,故须在苍老中滋润,也就是干湿并用。

四要松灵而凝炼,松灵比自然更进一步,要活泼轻松有生趣,切忌油滑、轻浮,轻松之中要有重厚,凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。

五要刚柔相济,即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚,刚健的锋中要参以巧运,“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。

六要巧拙互用,用笔朴质显得老实,故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙,在拙笔中夹几笔巧,应巧拙互用,方为得法。

国画笔法

讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。

国画的笔法有六种,分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗股与屋漏痕、飞白锋。

中锋

中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中,始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是:笔力饱满,内涵丰富。外柔内刚,极富表现力。

侧锋

侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度,笔尖不在墨线中间,笔尖在墨线一侧,并出现飞白的效果。

逆锋

逆锋是相对于正手位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力增大,笔锋聚散,松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬,力透纸背,但缺少柔劲。不可常用,适可而止。

露锋

于藏锋的运笔刚好相反,它以笔尖着纸,故意露出笔锋,收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。

藏锋

笔锋要藏而不露,画出的线条才沉着含蓄,力透纸背。

顺锋

运笔与逆锋相反,采用拖笔运行,画出的线条轻快流畅、灵秀活泼。

扩展资料

所谓笔法,写字作画用笔的方法,即中国画特有的用线方法。中国书画主要都以线条表现,所用工具都是尖锋毛笔,要使书画的线条点画富有变化,必先讲究执笔,在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法,称为“笔法”。

国画有着自己明显的特征,讲究“气韵生动”,不拘泥于物体外表的肖似,而多强调抒发作者的主观情趣。中国画讲求“以形写神”,追求一种“妙在似与不似之间”的感觉。

讲究笔墨神韵,笔法要求:平、圆、留、重、变。墨法要求墨分五色,焦、浓、重、淡、清。

讲究“骨法用笔”,不讲究焦点透视,不强调环境对于物体的光色变化的影响。

讲究空白的布置和物体的“气势”。

国画分科

国画总分为工笔和写意两种,大致又分工笔花鸟,工笔山水,工笔人物,写意花鸟,写意山水,写意人物等。写意用生宣,工笔用熟宣,也有半生不熟的纸可以画一些兼工带写。

国画的细分科按形式分,工笔,写意;工笔讲究“工”,用笔细致,需要细细勾勒反复渲染的;写意讲“意”,用笔洒脱,以形写神,一笔到位。按题材分,人物、花鸟、山水。

工笔

工笔画步骤

起稿

可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿,或直接拷贝临本,用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上,铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上,特别是用绢画时,这样可以避免画稿变形,铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。

也可以去买个拷贝台,把起好的稿子或打印的图纸放在拷贝台上,再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝,这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了!

绷稿

要求:先在画板上裱贴一张白纸,待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具体绷绢步骤可以看这个:如何绷娟

所需材料:图钉、浆糊、水。

1、首先,把框子装好,然后把绢放在框子上摆好。

2、然后,在绢的一头按上图钉,另一边喷水,慢慢展开。

3、喷湿后慢慢调整,差不多了可以涂浆糊,继续调整。不要特别紧,因为绢干了也会收缩,另外绢本身有织的纹路,拉扯变形了就不好了。

4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊,折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。

5、等干了就可以上色了,看看效果。

注意事项:

1、草稿:使用铅笔打草稿,纸张不要求。

2、过稿:将草稿放置在拷贝台上,上面覆一层熟宣,使用勾线笔(花枝俏、小叶筋等均可)将画稿勾在宣纸上,这样的作品称为白描。

3、渲:在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗,方法是:使用两支较大的笔(一般为大白云)一支蘸墨,一支蘸水,先点墨,在墨没干之前用水渲开,造成一个自然的过渡。

4、染:方法和渲的步骤差不多,不过使用的是国画颜料,这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实,一般要进行多次,有“三矾九染”之说。

勾线

勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋,工笔人物画中以中锋为主。

中锋:中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中,始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是:笔力饱满,内涵丰富。外柔内刚,极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整,并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化,适当时加入清水调试。

侧锋:侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度,笔尖不在墨线中间,笔尖在墨线一侧,并出现飞白的效果。

勾线用笔的起止很重要,每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔回锋”,这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。

着染

传统工笔画的着染方法总体来说可以分为分染、罩染、勾填等方法,分染和罩染是传统工笔人物画和花鸟中最常用的技法。山水的话还要用到“皴”的技法,以体现山脉特有的肌理。

分染:是把平面的线描按其结构、纹理用色或墨渲染出一定的层次和体积关系。分染时,准备一支笔蘸色,一支笔蘸清水把颜色均匀地烘淡。分染法采用分层叠加的方法进行设色,它的优点是色彩厚重饱和,层次变化丰富,表现力强。

罩染:绘画,在着色时,先铺底,后罩色,这种方法就叫罩染。一般是先用渲染法铺上底色,颜色应厚重一些,可以层层复加。由深到淡,要表现出其明暗、层次。再根据需要再平涂一二次翠色,颜色要淡薄。底色和罩色的选择要根据所绘物体本身的特点,目的是使二者相得益彰,产生厚重、鲜明、复杂、丰富的色彩效果。画山水用水墨皴染,可罩染花青和赭石等。

背染:在绢的背面衬色以使正面的颜色更厚重,丰富画面层次。背面使用的是平涂的方法,植物色和矿物色均可。这几个步骤应该是交替进行的,要想画的细腻,这些动作可能要重复很多遍。

复勾

有些地方染完颜色后,之前勾线的部分变得不是很明显了,需要重新勾一遍。这时候勾千万要注意浓淡,颜色重了容易生硬呆板匠气,线条尽量保持流畅,毕竟是附在最上面的。

刷胶矾水

为了防止熟绢跑矾,在设色之前,要在绢的背面刷一遍胶矾水。古人把胶矾称作“伐绢之斧”。未刷胶矾水的绢和宣纸,称作生绢、生宣,是画写意画的材料。刷过胶矾水的绢和宣纸,其性能发生了改变,称之为熟绢、熟宣,适合画工笔画。

1、胶矾水有制作熟绢、固定颜色、保护画面的作用。

胶:黄明胶,又名广胶,颗粒状的效果比较好。使用时用冷水泡上几分钟,去掉浮灰,加入热水搅拌,胶粒全部溶解后即可,但不能用开水,开水会使粘度降低。

矾:又称明矾,主要产自安徽庐江,头天用凉水浸泡,第二天用。

2、胶矾水的混合比一般7:3较为适当,矾大胶小,染墨色时会颜色板滞、难以染匀。胶大矾小则会出现滑笔,墨、色易脱落等问题。

3、刷胶矾水,刷胶矾水的环境最好在温度25度左右的晴天,温度过低胶矾会很快凝固,不易刷匀。

装裱

古语有云:“三分字画,七分裱”,精致的装裱工艺不仅可以使字画得到更好的保护,同时也能起到烘托字画,突出神韵的作用。书画装裱的步骤一般是先用纸托裱在绘画作品的背后,再用绞、绢、纸等镶边,然后安装轴杆成卷轴或者装框条成镜框。传统的装裱是多种多样的,但其成品按形制可分为挂轴,手卷,册页三大类。原裱的绘画不论画心的大小、形状、及裱后的用途,都只有托裱画心、镶覆、砑装三个步骤。

第一步:观察字画

揣摩原作的气度,以利于更好地选择装裱材料烘托原作气质。

第二步:托裱画心

1、将画心反铺在干净的画案上,用喷壶在画心背面均匀喷洒水花;

2、待画心潮润且平整得贴附在画案上时,用排笔在画心背面均匀刷浆;

3、一手持特制的装裱棕刷,一手持略大于画心的托纸,对齐一边,用棕刷自上而下排扫托纸,逐渐使整张托纸平整贴附于画心背面;

4、用手指在托纸边缘均匀抹上浆糊;

5、待画心略干后,轻轻揭起,转贴至挣墙晾干。

第三步:镶条

1、待画心干透,用裁刀将其从墙面取下,裁去托纸不整齐的边角部分;

2、在画心四角均匀抹浆,镶上助条;

3、在助条边缘抹浆,镶上边条。

第四步:覆背

在已镶条的画作后重复第二个步骤。

第五步:装框

已制成的画作如需装框则在画作干透后进行平整,镶装画框;如做成卷轴,则应在画作上下装上天杆和地杆,并牵上挂绳,拴入绛色丝带。

注意事项

一般的装裱能够收藏的是手工的,浆糊的质量也是收藏时间的保证。裱画的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊,不仅黏稠度和透明度有所差别,并且在熬制时还要加入一些防治蠹虫的配料

推荐临摹书籍

人物

白描:《八十七神仙卷》练线描这一本完全够了。如果觉得难度大的,可以进行局部练习。

工笔设色

《簪花仕女图》、韩熙载夜宴图、《虢国夫人游春图》、《捣练图》、《洛神赋图》等

《簪花仕女图》局部

《虢国夫人游春图》局部

花鸟

宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。

山水

山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。

写意

国画的一种画法,用笔不苛求工细,注重神态的表现和抒发作者内心的情感。最初起源于绘画,兴起于北宋,要求在形象之中有所蕴涵和寄寓,让"象"具有表意功能或成为表意的手段。

分类

写意画分为小写意和大写意,所谓的小写意,更倾向于水墨画法写物象之实,上接元人墨花墨禽的传统;而所谓的大写意,更倾向于以水墨画法表现画家的主观感情,继承的是宋元的文人墨戏传统。

欣赏写意画

画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力,学会欣赏。要对中国美术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读,至少要知道什么是经典什么是真的美。

古代写意画

现代写意画

绘画步骤

白菜、萝卜画法

①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄,趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶,注意笔腹含水要饱满,根据菜叶的结构、方向,分几笔画出菜叶,每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别,不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接,既不能让它们模棱模糊,又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。

②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间,迟了叶柄水分已干,画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早,草束的墨色会漫糊开来,影响其质感。总之要干湿得当,渗化适度。

③根据红萝卜的圆形结构,用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下,分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白,以表现萝卜的高光,然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下,蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感,可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时,同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点,依据结构运笔。

④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐,可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底,画出红萝卜叶柄的基部,然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇,画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。

牵牛花画法

①先画藤蔓:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画,用笔要悬腕中锋,轻快舒缓之中见遒劲,墨色要稍有变化,笔尖含水要干一点,以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子,因此,要注意全局的位置经营。

②次画叶子:用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画,注意在蘸墨时要使笔头各部位含墨含水分量不同,这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点,每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。

③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔,用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深,基部呈白色,因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白,花型要圆润,色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾,注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。

④用三绿加一点藤黄,调成淡绿色染花蕊底色,趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白,一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托,又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓,使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点,使画面增添变化。

花球画法

①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡,花形要有变化,使花球有立体感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。

②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组,上边一组的叶脉墨色较深,下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡,以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨,用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。

③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶,增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄,用墨要较干,使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球,方法与前同。

④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立体感,又要注意花色的洁净。

枇杷画法

①用大号斗笔浸些清水,又挤去笔肚里过多的水分,乘湿蘸上墨,稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太"熟",使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子,随画又要随时蘸点水,使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化,又有滋润丰厚的感觉。

②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓,注意用笔的圆正,以表现枇杷果实的立体感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干,换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时,笔端要稍干些,可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡,故画后面叶子时,可调点清水后去画,但注意笔端仍须稍干,以免漫糊。

③等枇杷的墨色已干,用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔,以表现枇把的立体感。

④趁色尚湿,用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大,用笔稍重,使笔尖稍微叉开,以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干,加上苔点,使画面更丰富完整。

玉兰画法

①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净,用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色,可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际,再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底,染时要见笔。

②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊,花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干,用笔要苍劲,使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干,画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。

③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不仅要强调与主体花冠的呼应,还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理,要符合玉兰的生长规律。④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握,不能等干了再画,否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。

推荐临摹书籍

山水

董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林平野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。

花鸟

恽寿平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。

人物

梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。

学习步骤

临摹

临摹是学习中国画技法的一种便捷方法,对范画可以先局部临摹,也叫分解练习,然后再临摹整幅作品,这样可以学得深秀。临摹尽量要象,“察之者尚精,拟之者贵似”,要通过临摹反复体会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再体会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造,心中就有数了。

临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较,写生为主,临摹为次,写生是源,临摹是流。

临,把画放在桌上,对着画。摹,则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上,用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”,即是学习古人或老师的技法,而被之束缚,不能变化、发展。“游魂”,就是东学一点,西学一点,浅尝辄止,不能融会贯通。“附影子”,即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户,一离开,便寸步难行,作不出画。

临摹要和默写结合起来,中国画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此,临摹一定要认真体会。

结合临摹平时要注意多欣赏名家名作,可以反复欣赏品味,此外还要多参观画展,汲取各家之长,开阔眼界,开拓思路,丰富技法手段,提高修养。在观摩和学习时可随时记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地学习,肯定会有大的进步。

写生

通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律,可以大量搜集创作素材,锻炼造型能力,进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧,在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水平必不可少的重要环节。

写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究,铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以,纸张随便,关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是学习、观察大自然的过程,达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。

画外功

与绘画技巧相适应,还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文学修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。只有多读书(小说、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读)、勤练书法才能满足学习绘画的要求。练习书法不仅仅是为了适应题字落款的需要,更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法,提高笔线的表现能力,加强墨晕的风骨,以书入画格调情趣自然更高。

创作

初学国画不必急于创作,应先在以上三方面打下扎实的基础,苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后,可以慢慢试着进行创作。

创作阶段

第一阶段可以参考资料,借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法,按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。

第二阶段,待掌握了一定的技法之后,便可以较自由地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段,通过这个阶段的练习,可使技法更熟练,构图变化更丰富。

第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟,而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法,体现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化,是既有“法”度而又不为法度所束缚。以法作画,千篇一律,以情作画,变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合,是我们追求的目的。初学者只要得法,用功,是会达到这一目标的。

学国画素材

花鸟素材

竹子

1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶,用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子,注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化,下笔时两头轻中间重。

2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干,待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。

牡丹

1、整笔蘸粉色,笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣,依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花头,注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。

2、整笔蘸粉色,笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞,画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。

3、整笔蘸淡绿色,笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋,墨绿加胭脂画枝条。

麻雀

1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的头部,中锋画背羽,侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴,最后以淡墨画胸腹。

2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出头部,中锋画背羽,侧锋画上下翅,浓墨画嘴,点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹,浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽,浓墨中锋画腿,浓墨画爪子。

小鸡

1、蘸中墨侧锋画出头部,侧锋点出翅膀,随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛,淡墨画胸部和大腿,待半干时用浓墨勾画脚。

2、蘸浓墨,行侧锋画出头部,侧锋画翅膀,淡墨画胸部和大腿,最后浓墨勾画嘴、脚。

翠鸟

1、蘸三青点出鸟的头部,运侧锋画出身子和上下翅。采浓墨画嘴、尾羽、飞羽并点上眼睛。用钛白点鸟身斑纹,淡赭石染胸部,朱砂染嘴与鸟爪,最后用藤黄染眼珠。

2、三青加花青点出头部,用浓墨画出眼睛并勾画嘴巴,再画出头上的毛。三青加花青画鸟毛,用淡赭石画出腹部,浓墨勾画轮廓,朱砂染嘴和勾画鸟爪,藤黄染眼珠。

喜鹊

蘸浓墨勾画嘴和眼睛,浓墨画头部和颈羽。蘸中墨侧锋行笔画胸腹,画背羽留白羽,浓墨画翅羽,并为其添加尾羽。淡墨中锋行笔画胸腹,腿爪用浓墨勾画,鹅黄染眼珠。

学国画的好处

学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不仅能解放人的天性、给人带来满足感、成就感,而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。

1、学国画是人生良伴。人的一生分为很多阶段,少年时,可以以画言志;青壮年时,生活压力巨大,可以以画解压;等到年过中年,孩子都已成家立业,自己也临近退休,内心难免会有孤独之感,此时可以画画消遣。学国画的人,随着自己的文化积淀,艺术修养的不断提升,他的画作也如陈年老酒,愈发醇香,愈发动人。

2、学国画能陶冶情操。学习国画讲求的是意境,讲究内涵,真、善、美。通过笔墨抒发感情,培养艺术气息,陶冶情操。艺术气息会一直伴随着你,生活中有了艺术,你会感觉到自己的世界都是带着诗情画意。

3、学国画能提高审美。中国画具有简练、概括的特点,在学国画时,注意力集中,执笔、行笔要运气用力,这样就养成了良好的学习习惯,不仅可以培养学习能力、理解能力,而且还可以提高审美能力和学习兴趣。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不仅能解放人的天性,给人带来满足感、成就感,而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人,随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升,所作的画作也如陈年老酒,愈发醇香,愈发动人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WCwKdeaU2oYWQwxMHRQc7iL2nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QqEmdewuQoIgmSxaSWqcdS3Pncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先要熟悉工具,选择一套合适的工具来作画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4IGdya6CoMGQgxhcABcLHvJnqH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LuAOdEcaCoYqoMxQLs5cTQPqn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画使用的笔统称为毛笔,根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I2uadM2GwoomCUxK2KVcW1FNnLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"软毫笔以羊毫为多,鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别,各有不同的表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IC2ydCGgIoiKM8xa0eDcAS6xn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利,易于掌握和使用,其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HCiodwcWkokoksx65wRcYGOMnhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成,此笔软硬适中,适于勾线,也适于渲染用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm4sd4iGOoCumyxm4zWcnKlSnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔(1-2根)、大中小号白云羊毫笔(约3根)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R8eKdU6y0o0WmcxIuYkcTDcxnUj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意,准备硬毫笔(长锋短锋各备一支),如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等,兼毫备一支即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AuaEdQiySo6gckx29jyc06RHnHf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wig4dQMkaoEogox4ghocp1vcnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔一开始不要买太多,常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置,书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkKydQMc8oAo0sxMPzscUvMdnWc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":788,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa31073262e7435891b0079bf9d26f4e","width":720},"text":"","id":"RU4odeAoGo62qSxWO8Ac3BpenNh"},,"attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8ca29c9bf9874c70ab5f446996d49441","width":720},"text":"","id":"Pk0GdaOGkoWcWMxegMMcVpmZnNd"}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架就是架笔之物,是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔,以免毛笔污损他物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IqGydqQkwokWkQxQMaDc4SA5n1F"},,"attrs":{"height":213,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b7c497564bfe491dbc9a1950bceb7656","width":419},"text":"","id":"Qkkgd4CEaoEssAxg9XScyqiUnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8C4d82mSoIcgQxYz7dcuLy0nJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘就是调和颜料的容器,是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形,呈梅花状,但也有方形或其他不规则形状,质地以陶瓷类较多,而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉,通常为初学者或业余人士使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VI6adUiEoo0SSsxmEgAcDSJxnod"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":319,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/58843f4ce362446ba7b0c94bb58ad6f6","width":326},"text":"","id":"My42dgooQocAQKxWqUJc01KIntg"},,"attrs":{"height":276,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa1ac610435f490eb1fb6300d006a9ac","width":284},"text":"","id":"VE8edAEWGo4yQ8xotmbc5Q9en7b"}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国传统绘画尤重用墨,笔以达气,墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵,求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化,可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc0admkGEoAyymxkD8Rc2ooUnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以墨代色,力求单纯、明快、概括,是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化,表现各种色彩感觉,富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束,代之以感情的意匠色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGeEd6IsOo2Q0uxsHJSc3HLyn1b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UKqAdyiGko4ueAxSADSceZvqnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨有很多种,市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁,北京一得阁的云头艳,红星墨液,北京墨汁,中华墨汁,曹素功墨汁,珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU2gdSM2IowaYsxOuqJckHY0nNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种:一种是红星玄宗,一种是进口玄宗,其特点是浓墨显得很厚重,淡墨显得很润泽,不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiAKdg0y6o4ycMxmqwecFJ1fn4b"},,"attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/97efa27fcaba4da0b72938b8850e1458","width":335},"text":"","id":"RSGedeCGwoKiqqx8uRVciWVunIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、北京一得阁墨汁,百年老字号,价格低廉,性价比高。代表性产品为云头艳,其特点为,墨迹光亮、淡墨表现力强,层次感丰富、浓淡五色、书写流利等特点,美中不足的便是胶性比较大,易凝结。下图是用北京一得阁墨绘制的国画效果图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WaqideCGIoiUSyx4qfScwXEtnTg"},,"attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1a77679774424deebee047dbd80de3a4","width":340},"text":"","id":"LAeodAAkmo4wOgxqY5cciFDBncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、红星墨汁,安徽红星墨液公司出品。代表产品有两种,一种是红星墨液,另一种是玄宗墨液(国产),玄宗墨液(国产)跟红星墨液最大的区别在于黑度,玄宗墨液(国产)的黑度优于红星墨液,淡墨的层次,表现效果差,笔锋交叉处,呈现糊状。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HY6Cd24Eyoas46xGrUXcpzhsnfb"},,"attrs":{"height":343,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4067fae8ce954b9d8bfcdcc4d10c1d96","width":456},"text":"","id":"LgWSdIEaWow0MWxQdPXcCfS8n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、雄狮墨汁,台湾品牌,代表产品为雄狮书法墨汁,黑度强劲,层次感强、浓淡五色、书写流利,合成树脂胶(零下20℃凝结),四季适宜书画,宜书宜裱。适宜练习、出一般作品和出贵重作品用,是票友和专业人士的首选。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GGUsdwWowoUSC6xqQDgcQLdZnHh"},,"attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9b519c8acb494c4f950d04600a430101","width":300},"text":"","id":"Lwqwd2iGUo0u88xqbEVcDwGxn8n"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、曹素功墨汁,国内老字号。产品价格低廉。代表性产品为墨块。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IQCgdQAGYo4o0axSQIwcTioGnLb"},,"attrs":{"height":470,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ec0d74204739466988315d9a98adc9a0","width":467},"text":"","id":"I6YSdyicOoYKAexE1lScQPCYnwg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIkudAqIkoEKwuxWk0AcD1Xtnwb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"矿物颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H0gWdkw40o8i4kxgT22cz0YEnic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矿物颜料有朱砂、赭石、石青、石绿、石黄、白粉、金粉、银粉等。除赭石等少数矿物颜料外,多数矿物颜料都具有渗化性差、不透明性、遮盖力强等特点。由于这类颜料源于矿物质,虽经千年亦可保持其鲜艳色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PI04dcOywo0giExaqAvc1ITYnwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"植物颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PQCcdQa2co8W4CxWMHlcAZOMnug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"植物颜料有花青、藤黄、胭脂、洋红。植物颜料和化学颜料渗化性较好,透明度高。除藤黄等少数颜料外,大多没有遮盖能力。故一般不宜以色盖色。这正是中国画必须下笔准确,忌反复修改的原因。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HgKedyU2EogG8sxuWfXc1PvNnpg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"化学颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LAaCdomgWoes4Ex4Vr8cfh36nTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"化学颜料有曙红、深红、大红、铬黄、天蓝。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VowGdeOKMoUoAyxshKvcKTljnFc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"特点及用途","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q0YudI62SoaW4Cx4i4Jc2EBTnDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"赭石:矿物类,但其质较轻清,半透明,可单独使用,也可调和其他颜料后使用,是一种用途广泛的颜料。在淡彩山水中,常作为山石、树干主色,也可用于画夕阳反照下的远山。在花鸟画中,常与墨(调和后成为赭墨)或与其他色料调和,或混合使用,多用于画枝、干、翎毛。在人物画中,常用于人物皮肤底色。调入花青或绿色可用于画远山、老叶子。赭石加藤黄为赭黄,用于深秋黄叶、秋景中的土坡、草间细路。草绿中加入赭石调成苍绿,用于秋天石坡、土径。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iq4edcGiCoGY0ix6wAlck0MdnMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"朱膘:矿物类或人工合成。常与胭脂、洋红、藤黄调和使用。朱膘调墨可得厚重而偏亮的赭色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TsWWd8smOoO2sGxi0gLc21VmnFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"朱砂:矿物类,为天然汞化物,近代也有人工合成的朱砂,遮盖力强,一般是单独使用,且多用浓重之原色点秋天红叶、花,亭台栏杆。不宜与石青、石绿调和使用。实际上,所有矿物颜料,除胭脂外,一般都不宜与植物色相调和。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQ2GdKOIQoEiGgxkJ5NcTVPinTh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石青:矿物类,遮盖力极强。在青绿山水中用于罩染突出部位的山石,是青绿山水之主色。在石青制作过程中,将石料研磨澄汰后,按其质地轻重,又可将石青分为头青、二青、三青、四青。一般山水画只用质地较轻的二青、三青,多用于点夹叶、醒点苔。因石青相对粗糙,染山石时,一般要分几次逐步上足色彩,待第一遍干后再着第二遍,忌在未干时反复涂抹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FWmCdEQkio6UgwxEZ0CcuCXWnVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石绿:矿物类,遮盖力较强。澄汰后也可分为头绿、二绿、三绿、四绿。头绿质地较重,颜色较深,山水画中较少使用。二绿、三绿在淡彩、重彩山水画中使用较为广泛。石绿可与草绿(如花青加藤黄所调成的草绿)结合使用,此时需用套色法(或用草绿打底,待干后罩石绿;或先用石绿平涂,待干后再染草绿)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NoYUdQYweoScoMxiGYYcRUcKn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石黄:矿物类,在山水画中仅用于点秋景夹叶、秋景苔。画大片成熟的庄稼可先用赭石、藤黄染湿后再点石黄以示成熟。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kss4de8OIomieqxGoZvco02Fn9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"金粉:矿物类,除一般进口金粉外,还有佛赤泥金和青赤泥金,系用金箔研成,前者色正偏暖,后者发青偏冷。用于重彩山水画和工笔、人物、花鸟画,一般在勾线时方使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GYUkd4yYioGC6ExiohJcsbS7nrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"银粉:矿物类,用途与金粉类同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AaymdsuKSoogoOxqYv4cTYFFnUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白粉:矿物类或人工合成,有铅白、锌白、蛤粉等,铅管所装的又称锌钛白。不透明。画云、雪、瀑布、花鸟、人物等均需用之。锌钛白还可与花青、藤黄、赭石乃至墨等调和使用,但其度较难把握。如画杨树干即可调入绿色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UOIyduE8oouUY8xPHgIcdr6tnwz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"花青:植物类或人工合成,半透明,可与藤黄、洋红、赭石、白粉等多种颜料调和,用途极为广泛,画山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其调和色。与藤黄调和,依据比例不同可调和各种绿色。青花调墨后称花青墨,其色为墨绿(螺青)。与曙红或胭脂调和后为紫色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EIwEdo6Ygo8kCoxsvMIcl6TDncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"藤黄:植物类,是藤本植物的树脂所制,有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中,既可单独使用,又可与其他许多颜料或墨(可调成橄榄绿)调和使用,用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色,与赭石调和可成檀色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EaOodkQqgoI0y2xA7ybcGu09nri"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"洋红:又称西洋红、曙红。植物类或人工合成,半透明,在花鸟画中,多单独或调和后,用于画花、红叶、蔬果,用途广泛。在山水画众多用于画亭台、屋顶、红叶等,在人物画众多用于面、唇、底饰等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DEYmdSmecoqa0OxC4uFcNBIHnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胭脂:植物类,为胭脂花制品,半透明。在山水画中用于春天的桃花与秋天的红叶,在花鸟画中可用于画紫红色蔬果、翎毛、花、叶、芽苞,也有用其点花心、勾叶筋的。在人物画中,可用于画人物、棉布、衣饰、花卉配景等。胭脂与曙红、朱膘可调出各种红色系的色相。调入墨则成紫色,调入赭则成赭色胭脂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MqamdsEyUoy0EExeyTdciiMdnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大红:与曙红色彩相近,略淡于曙红。用法与曙红类同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EUekd2Cy0oSWikxQIsncubArn8P"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色调配方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCcdgeWkoKigkxWYGzcmPM9nVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用,若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透,因此作画时对程序要心中有数,以使笔触衔接自然,达到预想效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BaKWd64syoMwK4xNdTDcdTXEnOY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草绿:约70%花青+30%藤黄调配而成,画工笔花卉的叶子最常用的色彩之一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YMYmdMig2oYqSYxSybPc4ANcnoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、汁绿:约80%藤黄+15%花青+5%朱磦调和成的嫩绿色,常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SkGgdskm0oKwmyxqoxUc3OT3nwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、老绿:草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂,常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩,薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YskEd2SeMoiWCcxyoVtcczeznic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、檀香色:约70%藤黄+20%朱磦+10%三绿调配而成,加大量水以后常用来刷背景,也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VeuGdwsqoogS0SxSuz4cnXYsncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、米黄:约70%藤黄+30%赭石,主要用来刷背景,在重彩画的绘制中打一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SwU6dGcaqo6iIyxIDfyclf0anac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、三绿:石绿+白色而得,白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Omeodi0UAoAeYQxs49QczWDSnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、老赭:朱磦+墨调和而成,接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WYQ0dC6WsosKkIxcFhkccU28ngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、胭脂水:胭脂色+大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条,曙红水、花青水等说法同理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DgYad2C6YoiEmGxUbxRcu1aMn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、豆绿色(三绿+藤黄+少许酞青蓝)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z6QgdwA86oOakixQ5CjcmteAn1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、墨红色(曙红+稍许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGuIdcUAkoEiwExozZLc5FWHntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11、赭绿色(赭石+草绿)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EgcqdUgm4oeSq6xS26NcFNLbnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"12、古铜色(朱磦+墨+少许藤黄+少许曙红)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8yOdM6s8oGsAkxqy0gcAwZHnFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"13、汁绿色(草绿+藤黄+少许朱磦)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOSSdiIeUouqU0xxGhncfMdQnv0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"14、灰绿色(三绿+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IGeCdOWU2oQmCuxUVsecJfYPn1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"15、芽绿色(汁绿+藤黄)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BiumdsQUMoyg0KxAt1dcoOKIntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"16、米黄色(藤黄+朱磦+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyAwdiUI6oYY0ExQxLwcjug4nmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"17、桔黄色(藤黄+朱磦)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Miq2dMcwKoo8GQx48E6cl93JnDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"18、墨青色(花青+墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M2AqdEO0qoMasUxsb0OclJ1NnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"19、藏青蓝(酞青蓝+墨+少许石青)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M4KAde8scosaOSxAZnXc99oknNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"20、绛红色(胭脂+朱磦+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YiuQdagysoaGAKx2bN0cyTu0nTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"21、紫色(曙红+少许酞青蓝)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Nu0idIeeYomUwsxukW6cI9lznzh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"22、墨绿色(草绿+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F48sduamyoWuikxQf6rcAIGXnNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"23、老绿色(草绿+少许胭脂)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pi26dmoCyoMSIuxcjCjcH1a9ncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"24、翠绿色(酞青蓝+藤黄+少许翡翠绿)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OwIudC8UCogwaMx9z2OczONDncp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"25、褐色(赭石+墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8QudCUQsoMoGSxKOlAcEwGXnIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"26、檀香色(藤黄+朱磦+少许三绿)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DG4qdQcC2o2eQKx8ZCTcDtAOnjd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"27、蓝灰色(花青+白粉+少许三青)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCWCdqU6Ioe8SYxMj95cQxcfnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"28、豆沙色(胭脂+朱磦+少许花青)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DUMCdq4eCoyMQMxagD5cfqklnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"29、土红色(朱磦+少许胭脂)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ta4kdyqQMosc8qxe2urcxAgnnkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"30、青绿色(草绿+少许酞青蓝)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6YUd28Cioyieyx6Gzec3RYynQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"31、四绿色(三绿+白色)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ug6od4Umyo84coxEXJecopO7nMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"32、胭脂水(胭脂+大量水)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BcmgdWYcooyiO2xILldc5mc1nVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"33、青灰色(花青+少许墨+白色)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiI4dO4GKoOcOIx7DWTc58lTnhD"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"34、蓝色(酞青蓝+三青)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dy0sdSgAyoka8Uxwn70czXkXnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"35、朱红色(朱磦+曙红)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkYsdUWAGo44uCxS8fBcCbZan7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"36、紫青色(胭脂+少许酞青蓝)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YCgmde406oSogGx2xMscGWFNn8d"},,"attrs":{"height":398,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色调配方法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/41e1d95b6acf409292978e4241f53b42","width":533},"text":"","id":"GUowdK8sqomYOwxWE24cSjBcnuc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I0Aad80AeosIkOxWwr3cAZVdnzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前,书画店中所售的国画颜料,从包装方式上也有两种:一种是传统手工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片,质量较好,且加过胶,只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料,挤出来即可使用,但质量不如片制颜料。初学绘画,多使用后一种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2I6dE8wOoaY4KxcRPacyCD6nGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者选择马利、樱花牌(樱花无沉淀更细腻)都可以。马利黄色包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀,蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌,另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料,又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。(比如姜思序堂)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmYQdy8SWoCCOexyaN0c5V4gnsc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":277,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d67ca780bafb49768ce6ec5abe21e67d","width":661},"text":"","id":"NuOadAwKSoc4c8xop6Xc3hnWn0e"},,"attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ff72111d3cad4e8aaddb9e9ca384cfcb","width":679},"text":"","id":"TkCQd4AcAoGk6AxWfWDcXP9vnZs"}],"text":"","id":"UgGSdEuuSooaCSxwYzkcD4rZnbb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UgGSdEuuSooaCSxwYzkcD4rZnbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意画选生宣,工笔画选熟宣,生宣纸又分棉皮,净皮,特皮,檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮,适合大写意,洇墨厉害,多画于山水画,更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮,适应画花鸟画,墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RomedeSscoGK6qxIjKFcyLwQntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣,孰宣之分,不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感,意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣,适应画小写意,浓淡相宜,墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画,宣纸画山水画,卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQ8kdeU8coYkesxAtnBcIgz3ndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色,而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边,所以形要准,着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此,不适应反复上色,深浅掌握好,两遍而过。初学者适合用宣纸画,花鸟画,山水画画个一遍,熟练生巧后换卡纸画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M6MQdWueCoMAiKxiEP6cLBHinUh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cmeydi622oo62axc5GCc5KqvnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与中国画笔墨最为匹配的载体无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸,这种纸在发挥中国画笔墨表现力方面很强,物理性能稳定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MoEqdAwUOoOa8ExeQOMc3HCensd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"徽州的宣纸最好,品牌有很多,名牌的初学者不适用,一般的就可以。除了红星,双鹿,汪同王的宣纸很好用,墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画,不用裱画,直接装框就好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWAQdyi0Go2qOcxQRz9cjK2Lnch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重,好纸不一定白,太白说明增白剂太多,不利久藏;好的熟宣纸纸白但不刺眼,反光柔和,纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FqMmdESYooE2Ksxy3AXcw22rnZS"},,"attrs":{"height":216,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4e629ba2e44842e399767d287b8a873c","width":328},"text":"","id":"Am4ed0uoYomggExQVbucUBarnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"生宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyECdag2koYssQxWWOKcKLzpnHg"},,"attrs":{"height":208,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c31bba533585492cafc91b26446c78d7","width":463},"text":"","id":"Fi4ydYQuqo2Ek0xEAg3c3fqxnUp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"熟宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SuaedKyesokyOKxmr4BcooLNnrb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWG6daIQGoQQ86xIpfPclO68nhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作画时维镇纸是中国古代传统工艺品。指写字作画时用以压纸的东西,常见的多为长方条形,因故也称作镇尺、压尺。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JkqEdgEMeoMGgSxCok2cWHeEnkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"镇纸的材质多种多样,以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多,上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案,也有动物和人物的立体形象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOKSdSmMSoMka4x2F05cAup6nSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqmwdS4mWo0aEAx4GOlchOIBnnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸,可以根据自己的需求购买。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYC8dYWK8occIkxeSHMcWRu6nUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zkimd8eCsoqIKyxYjKwcv0WPnmf"},,"attrs":{"height":282,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57243f0c12ac4ac2a2d4f06ca9f30184","width":305},"text":"","id":"OYqQdyqw2oioi4x6BHXc87uvnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8wGdqcWKoaU0gxETpkcLPljnVf"},,"attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0b5898d8282046db82d471464c2fb4cd","width":289},"text":"","id":"Imk4daag2o6EwmxeKnVcfm49nSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayeydg28soweKixOoZOcnzBAnkf"},,"attrs":{"height":227,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20c06990d731480aacfe82d517c892de","width":243},"text":"","id":"KcmIdOyWaogmmgx2BbKc2vWTnzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCQdaIy8ougQ4xiAkycMsi1npb"},,"attrs":{"height":295,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a58f33ef43a4205ad248c4132fd7f0f","width":476},"text":"","id":"LscAdyscGoACsix64rMcsswPnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TImydQeIIoC4wwxSKgqcLlapnzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选,一个是葫芦蟋蟀,还有是墨趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOqidQW0Io4cYAxuq9jcl35Gnzd"},,"attrs":{"height":289,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e914f07368d245248e45ac3d19b562b3","width":430},"text":"","id":"Q44SdguKCoqs6ex6dmmceKZQnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LKgGdiCwQoMqKoxc5AEceJRKn8b"},,"attrs":{"height":201,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/394dffaedd0b4c2f83a8ef9448a78c16","width":474},"text":"","id":"J8uAdCYwYo6EEaxkrilc9yXunTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NqcYdgOIqoAaO2xaMLic5nOUnre"},,"attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b55ab0ed8ab445a4aa200f10913b4b60","width":493},"text":"","id":"YQEydyi42ogEcKxaTBUc5AgFnP0"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AwskdcgCKo6uYcxaoFwcbPi8n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗是一种传统工艺品,属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具,是用来盛水洗笔的器皿,以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐,传世的笔洗中,有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地,包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等,基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中,最常见的是瓷笔洗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ca0wdKqaAoyk4OxBD5ecz7TTnxT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗的作用是可以润笔,在绘画中,许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSu8dmoacouEUex6IgycJGgInMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8YqdIoKmoOCkqxy2B6ccbJvnUe"},,"attrs":{"height":323,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f7532f28ee394cd9b403dfb752bf910b","width":422},"text":"","id":"GYISd6ew4oUiggxfl3hcCB2knqI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OW40dKaswoiwAqxuIiqcOFGVn4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤,因材料和工艺的差别,而产出各式各样的书画毡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RQ6kd8gMMoGgIuxsnEPcGD0dnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用它衬在宣纸下面,防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸,弄得画面上一塌糊涂;衬了毛毡,因为毛毡不吸水,就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售,大小不一,根据自己的画幅大小选购。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZaOWdqUmuoGcKAxKImqcuPcqnhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多,市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的,也有50厘米×70厘米的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HwSgdC6y8o2qMQxiaidc6Woln8f"},,"attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5c331930a1624282be0d17bd4a607c02","width":600},"text":"","id":"E2CMd2ewUoOCiKxEpVpcZ5znnAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"购买之前,务必看清楚毛毡的大小。然后看毛毡上米字格的大小,一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米,小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度,以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说,质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚,有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡,对于国画初学者来说就够了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QIUadsS04oAKkUxQvg1cGyrUnkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果要画大幅的作品,那就需要买大的厚的毛毡,更大更厚的毛毡托墨性能和吸墨能力更强,显然也更合适。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZcoGdYiiCoAWK2xALqZcwtN0n3e"},,"attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/27d7901b4e3546fcb514d974743cdcf2","width":600},"text":"","id":"B2yYd8mSco6Ikox6kaXcGIhLn2g"},{"type":"h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"TUI0dyKScoIwgyxU7QKctpDYnYe"},,"attrs":{"height":1159,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b6a43c83c5f499892d8fd5bd085b460","width":640},"text":"","id":"B0mQdgwuQoYMOMxe07FcgU7bn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗中有细——如花草画得粗,但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VyI6dEeaqomQA8xoLb3cX0W0nZc"},,"attrs":{"height":549,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c53e5df871044d9ae06de6690b34c71","width":375},"text":"","id":"KC8udSOq0oSQamxqaGYcoVLVnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIcgdQw0GoCQEgxCYzvcFE7tn6b"},,"attrs":{"height":895,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa45b0531e1b4882906302a75b418c63","width":640},"text":"","id":"B2uUdW2qKoQwKwxIrOncf7K8ntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展,用大块墨色,再运用自然形成的浓淡,加上较细的笔道,有的地方还露出飞白,这样才见精神。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RA4OdWIE4oi62mxIphHcLLZPnMd"},,"attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c449c22ed9db49f7a92b956127ca3ae5","width":640},"text":"","id":"ZEk0d022wokGukxYjuhcpaJ9npd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画,主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物,如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等,以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xw66dUWu6oQqwmxoNoWcZ5Cnn3e"},,"attrs":{"height":658,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/39e9f26ad9df4720b0dccf043134bf3d","width":658},"text":"","id":"FgGydEcwiossIYxCJf6cOqtUnmI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IekIdUsMcosIAAxSoM5cNlxzn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情,画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青(可分头青、二青、三青等三种)、石绿(也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种),白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种,即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合,可以调出许多种颜色来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FaAodeGyooCYAyxMn81cG5NFnhr"},,"attrs":{"height":1200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/538d351861514acb9ac7514b0dcda515","width":800},"text":"","id":"PyAkdqAMyo4Ai2xyaQEclA37nKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WcGidW0WCoGAGExqglEcvp1tn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线,完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳,因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多,因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感,但亦不能淡而失神,要使浓淡相宜,才具有清新神韵的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiGodSk2eoM288xVE7Ic9tbcnxf"},,"attrs":{"height":493,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a6860a91fc0444f3b6688f5dbf80bdb3","width":524},"text":"","id":"CguEdamw0o8gmCx4rEwcVs2Unqb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZgwadAyWioOiQixqigXc1jJgn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到八九分,然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色,既能融合一体,又能显示墨的韵味,才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IaucdcImyoKUwsxQP8ccHfl2nkd"},,"attrs":{"height":463,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/41fe9b515ef54a3da7b98adaf6d0a955","width":640},"text":"","id":"Q0eadwC88oomeQxCOuDc2LZgnEc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"粉彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WIgidM648okMeqxKgQZcClkBnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。在表现方法上多用于勾染和没骨。在颜色运用上以植物颜色和白粉为主,以水彩和淡薄的矿物质色为辅。粉彩勾线切忌用一色的浓墨,而要施淡墨为主。因为墨丝过浓和粉彩相并,则容易显得枯僵,缺乏妍丽。调粉的色彩不宜过厚,但也不能太淡薄,过淡则无神,要做到薄中见厚。粉彩用粉是重要关键。粉和色要用到晕化自然,不露粉痕,不显料气,干净滋润,才能发挥粉彩鲜明娇丽的特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EE88dWiWgo8EEaxuUircxgkQnT8"},,"attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"粉彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f1b7cdb4942648cca37ed66f43cb449a","width":1280},"text":"","id":"YGa8deIEkosOyCxkFDGcfOKRnye"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"重彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2w4diuQWoGgskx67jScG3jqnGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。重彩勾勒勾染的方法,并以服务态度和物质色为主,因用色比较厚重,所以色感较富丽带有装饰性称为重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中见厚,厚中生津,染不露痕,深浅自然。切忌脏、花、斑、枯、火、腻等。这些毛病多出于顺序不对,用笔不轻顺,用色过厚或厚薄不匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8cqdYAKYoKO28x4MBDc3GIanNe"},,"attrs":{"height":487,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"重彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/763fe3f55b10419ab0b5788a953e50d3","width":491},"text":"","id":"Wg0adkugComCEKxAVNRcdNhvnAf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOo4dCiayo8SMwxeO9Ycv4U7nme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国民族绘画的主要造型手段。是构成中国画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的体积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色,有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染,具有独特的表现形式和造型规律,并富有韵味。用线的变化,要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重,由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。中国画用线造型的历史悠久,通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造,积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验,仅画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VuwSdgy8QoiuEQxWfQ7cEN6sn66"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性,可以完美地刻划各种现象,表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAuWdO04yoo66SxWqGlcUIqMn0b"},,"attrs":{"height":725,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d5798f6f71eb41f6961cd2daddf656a4","width":581},"text":"","id":"HuIgdesUKouG0OxslVicyP2PnTd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DO8qdswg4oOmIKxchB0clfHtnyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的,也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的,例如花用淡墨勾,叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好,然后根据表面具体情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的,是加重质感和浓淡的变化,使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然,更防止受原线路的约束,否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、体积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现,从某咱意义上说来,它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯,对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排,层次要分明,在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性,防止碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VgiGdMa4wouaKaxsvefcpHYznEC"},,"attrs":{"height":1025,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8381750d01824193bcccd16eceb4163c","width":708},"text":"","id":"GgKedkqsAouqy0xyl8lckvFznpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"刘公华白描仕女图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUUedwEMYoyKmGx5YnBcszIPnyK"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KeWudmeuAooYmgxF6AccWkZWnJH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现手法,是以线条勾勒轮廓,然后敷色。随着绘画的发展,为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和(凸凹),因地质的结构不同,表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HcQ4dgmQsomiUux05AmcqsMLnS6"},,"attrs":{"height":1215,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/76985dc552b247529e286cda5a55b53b","width":614},"text":"","id":"Ju8udkKcUogGUMx8S0WcqwepnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石涛深山秋水图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MMoId6GyUoKWicxuqb1cPOHMnze"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法的种类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SIeUdE0okouyYOxAnY1cdmS9nig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有(1)披麻皴、(2)乱麻皴、(3)芝麻皴、(4)大斧劈、(5)小斧劈皴、(6)卷云皴、(7)雨点皴(雨雪皴)、(8)弹涡皴、(9)荷叶皴、(10)矾头皴、(11)骷髅皴、(12)鬼皮皴、(13)解索皴、(14)、乱柴皴、(15)牛毛皴、(16)马牙皴、(17)斫皴、(18)点错皴;(19)豆瓣皴、(20)刺梨皴(豆瓣皴之变)、(21)破网皴、(22)折带皴、(23)泥里拨钉皴、(24)拖泥带水皴、(25)金碧皴、(26)没骨皴、(27)直擦皴、(28)横擦皴等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aq8cdKc4koa2y4xKM2ec7Hkhn9g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WecAdyeUoosiWUxqSyac6C5mnwq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古人说“墨即是色”,浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿,只干不湿太瘠枯,只湿不干太臃肿,浓淡干湿结合起来,变化多,生动而有气韵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QMi4de24moCG0oxARHscb9KmnOe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用墨之法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IgmadOW2moWgmSxigdwcGcXjnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨,用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑,否则焦墨孤立,难见笔意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fi2gdm4mAoSkcmxykHQcLEEwnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"积墨:用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次,有一种深厚的味道。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IKKodqUCqoWQYoxYtZucbZJxngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"破墨:先用淡墨上纸,趁湿用湿墨加上,化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转,略似鱼鳞,由浓渐淡,参差不齐,谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeUYdII6Ao8CyixWYQWcTIm7nKb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用笔六要","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AkWSdUyk2oeqaaxgxMycxtGnnqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一要自然有力,切忌呆滞。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MgwUdEmQCoy24OxywMqccv1fnpq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二要变化而有联系,要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用,既有变化,还要互相联系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IkEwdOiwIoC6i6xGeifcbRuwnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三要苍老而滋润,苍老就显出含蓄的笔力,用笔光滑就显得雅嫩,过于苍老亦易枯燥,故须在苍老中滋润,也就是干湿并用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KK0WdaUqIoCQ0AxGFHFcgL2Hnsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四要松灵而凝炼,松灵比自然更进一步,要活泼轻松有生趣,切忌油滑、轻浮,轻松之中要有重厚,凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PC6QdsqcYo4YC0xdCi4chTaPnJN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五要刚柔相济,即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚,刚健的锋中要参以巧运,“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCiAdQeUmoyakKxUFiyccL1vnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"六要巧拙互用,用笔朴质显得老实,故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙,在拙笔中夹几笔巧,应巧拙互用,方为得法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAIydWGImo4AuwxA5EOchZpvnhg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N80qdKkIqoEegIxuabdc9501nLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PG8EdIqOcoyIooxY7jScEUU6nUf"},,"attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fea3659ff3dd4b6da012c7a0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"attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSaGdY4MkoYumKxQrc6cLMTWnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿,或直接拷贝临本,用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上,铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上,特别是用绢画时,这样可以避免画稿变形,铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIOIdasY6oCeMgxczSWce5Kin1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也可以去买个拷贝台,把起好的稿子或打印的图纸放在拷贝台上,再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝,这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGoUdMIw6o4mYMxs9mNcwU02nyf"},,"attrs":{"height":328,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7aba240186f8415c8d23212c2288a6cb","width":430},"text":"","id":"S0ukdeec6ouMEaxcJ7NcRRGznke"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MSaQdMKqsoU8ssxQl1NccVmLn0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求:先在画板上裱贴一张白纸,待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具体绷绢步骤可以看这个:如何绷娟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YIOadU4W4ocGu4xCWWacelN0nQb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所需材料:图钉、浆糊、水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OAmIdEwIGo8uwWxKCh9cARXNnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先,把框子装好,然后把绢放在框子上摆好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jcsideqeyoq84mxYDW9c7Cm7nUf"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/378593985d7247548856177840db930a","width":480},"text":"","id":"Vs4Idym8EoAi2wxySmjcMZ9Dn3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、然后,在绢的一头按上图钉,另一边喷水,慢慢展开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DeQadQaO4o80omxSs4fciWqqnMh"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b1a16ddf74a4581ae2542b99476eca3","width":481},"text":"","id":"AA4wd6u26oe4uAxop4icQyLLn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、喷湿后慢慢调整,差不多了可以涂浆糊,继续调整。不要特别紧,因为绢干了也会收缩,另外绢本身有织的纹路,拉扯变形了就不好了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IIiadA4Imoag4CxYzaUcg3edn0e"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c3aca1c113154a26834550f9c1291912","width":480},"text":"","id":"FCMGd8AOuomKYUxoXzSc0qtAnMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊,折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQmSdGaWsoWge4x2f42cKwZPnTs"},,"attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f51fbc4baf2c48339a3079c61f5a8d1f","width":480},"text":"","id":"L8iWdksMYoGuAqxKACicnZ2ZnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、等干了就可以上色了,看看效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LiusdcoyioMmkSxMN6Ic6ICMnAf"},,"attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/362b1268ea24474b89ef9f5bc354a337","width":481},"text":"","id":"UK6gduis8oq80MxGWorcK09Qn2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HkwudGAwyoO8W2xM1eqcDB0QnRW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草稿:使用铅笔打草稿,纸张不要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AmUudeWY8ogEmkxwjK8c9DAnnTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、过稿:将草稿放置在拷贝台上,上面覆一层熟宣,使用勾线笔(花枝俏、小叶筋等均可)将画稿勾在宣纸上,这样的作品称为白描。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCIOdOeuyoU8Aex2rXxc6SNKnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、渲:在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗,方法是:使用两支较大的笔(一般为大白云)一支蘸墨,一支蘸水,先点墨,在墨没干之前用水渲开,造成一个自然的过渡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VE4mdMuk8oeK22xkhvzchoEKnWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、染:方法和渲的步骤差不多,不过使用的是国画颜料,这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实,一般要进行多次,有“三矾九染”之说。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LGGcdsoO2ou4AqxKgWKcFxtGnvc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGQIdkIiyoc8scxkPECcFZCOnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋,工笔人物画中以中锋为主。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YYAKda4uKosaiixAj2hc4zD0n7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋:中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中,始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是:笔力饱满,内涵丰富。外柔内刚,极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整,并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化,适当时加入清水调试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WKqEdcMQAo4ao6xOWWLcyBZNn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋:侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度,笔尖不在墨线中间,笔尖在墨线一侧,并出现飞白的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CCWwdu2U6oksu6xo1pCcaYTRnWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线用笔的起止很重要,每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔回锋”,这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XkcWdsME4ooGQoxkhnJcBxRKnTc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":402,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9424f151629346aea31f61353108e8ba","width":448},"text":"","id":"MqUwdgUooogeY2xGyEacXyeBnSc"},,"attrs":{"height":235,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/632de4513c7049449ee62d8f5ea4d1af","width":444},"text":"","id":"BqUadgGQuo6Q2UxqmSkcI66lnib"}],"text":"","id":"YGoudM0GeoCso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,"id":""}],"text":"","id":"EEkkdOOkgooMiKxcHRFcsOysnXb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、在助条边缘抹浆,镶上边条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VC68dgwouoouiMx6pYScz9VanHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第四步:覆背","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Is4Md648gouM0Wx8Xjbck4qfnee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在已镶条的画作后重复第二个步骤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O642dyGuAoSogKxY1wacH1AcnEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第五步:装框","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H0QqdyeSwoGYgOxOglZcyn2Cnxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"已制成的画作如需装框则在画作干透后进行平整,镶装画框;如做成卷轴,则应在画作上下装上天杆和地杆,并牵上挂绳,拴入绛色丝带。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SeWqdo0m0oCWUaxEZiXcpkvGnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RUcqdgmWKoAMQYxwRGZczajDnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般的装裱能够收藏的是手工的,浆糊的质量也是收藏时间的保证。裱画的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊,不仅黏稠度和透明度有所差别,并且在熬制时还要加入一些防治蠹虫的配料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LeEQdYWUmo0ieixE3kLcTuRcnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐临摹书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AiiAdmQgmoywO2xWcWmc2ufMnum"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ywm6doEayok8IixKmF0cS5EFnrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描:《八十七神仙卷》练线描这一本完全够了。如果觉得难度大的,可以进行局部练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NCwsdYOquoWEm2xUvkWcraCwngb"},,"attrs":{"height":814,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c5758b24e6854e70b1182bc120082331","width":720},"text":"","id":"AkgOdq2qQosC0ixUviQcvNXCnmb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BUw8degeooSi6MxM5LvcDg6En0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《簪花仕女图》、韩熙载夜宴图、《虢国夫人游春图》、《捣练图》、《洛神赋图》等","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOMSdkKSSoSEkgxgRcTcvqkbnxg"},,"attrs":{"height":983,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6cf54bbe0d664254afd91633cc5b611f","width":720},"text":"","id":"C86wdUSGWo4Eu8xEeo0cdJzZnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《簪花仕女图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D68wdckYsoQ6m6xo5lxc76YPnSg"},,"attrs":{"height":411,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1c12e9c7eb234b80b54315b435e86938","width":720},"text":"","id":"CEyOdyk2so8G0cxIlbOcX2jInIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《虢国夫人游春图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQ6Edk0qgoi4cKxysxEcjDwgn8d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY8qducumo6EM2xUDZ2c7GCvnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ISoydoaUcoee8KxGamkcHUyCnaf"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":721,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f05118f3f7a94c3f8f74158912f6ae0e","width":720},"text":"","id":"KGakdCSiCo6AwYxgI0VcAmblnTP"},,"attrs":{"height":465,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/248caa97bff949b791f7fb97ccee23f9","width":483},"text":"","id":"N2wkdek2gooQeQx8p6yc9yL1nPf"}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiS4demmGo08cyxUtmhcv8YFn3c"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":680,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e8b26e04ba654cb4881b5270e3a1139d","width":720},"text":"","id":"PiUmd8ASWoOycSxuIQnc8mwdnxf"},,"attrs":{"height":491,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b999d32ae9914cae85aa9e3bcdb80f1d","width":481},"text":"","id":"H8cSdiQMuo42soxwLNgcLL3lnyc"}],"text":"","id":"NcyodekyKoY220xWm4ScMBxonXd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NcyodekyKoY220xWm4ScMBxonXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的一种画法,用笔不苛求工细,注重神态的表现和抒发作者内心的情感。最初起源于绘画,兴起于北宋,要求在形象之中有所蕴涵和寄寓,让"象"具有表意功能或成为表意的手段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiwcdUqKAoSOEcxYegCc4smpn6I"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wa2AdEUWSo0OsMxQvDcc52K1n0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意画分为小写意和大写意,所谓的小写意,更倾向于水墨画法写物象之实,上接元人墨花墨禽的传统;而所谓的大写意,更倾向于以水墨画法表现画家的主观感情,继承的是宋元的文人墨戏传统。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rww8dI6gqo68wcxi8OscKoG6nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZSsGdIo6eoimYWxwdSdc7AXDnxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力,学会欣赏。要对中国美术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读,至少要知道什么是经典什么是真的美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MegmdmaMEomwOExv7yzcXLTmngM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古代写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N4sedmeYYoiW4ExQJVCcHZ3unrh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":450,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c088dbaeb5d04246b71a1b55e1ca877f","width":720},"text":"","id":"Gw8cdYUQsoI2AWxes0Ncan0Knib"},,"attrs":{"height":644,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20a74f2fd088486ea4e6470a150757b2","width":720},"text":"","id":"JoiMdmCsgoOagCxs1OZcQq9ennc"}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现代写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":517,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/df0ab52f496a452a97dd018ec91fff18","width":720},"text":"","id":"HwuMdUUeCoI6UGxAnmOcq3hLnHb"},,"attrs":{"height":356,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5a59f40b52b84887be02f8b082e62c17","width":720},"text":"","id":"CCAQdk6kWoasioxWsvdcocQMnKe"}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绘画步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、萝卜画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QO2GdicsmoqSs4xyYXJcUvahn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄,趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶,注意笔腹含水要饱满,根据菜叶的结构、方向,分几笔画出菜叶,每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别,不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接,既不能让它们模棱模糊,又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HmoGdkwgGo6KIGxsxTPcU32Rnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间,迟了叶柄水分已干,画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早,草束的墨色会漫糊开来,影响其质感。总之要干湿得当,渗化适度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JGccdCuwqooIE2xkT68cm0FRn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③根据红萝卜的圆形结构,用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下,分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白,以表现萝卜的高光,然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下,蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感,可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时,同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点,依据结构运笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ViS4dOwU0oSaQmxAdbqcflkYn4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐,可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底,画出红萝卜叶柄的基部,然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇,画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AueOd44GIo4SyIxIRHQcBgsCnoh"},,"attrs":{"height":638,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、萝卜画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6e2892135836482dbce4cc7eceb9f122","width":640},"text":"","id":"Saw8dee8OoG06MxcLtGcvpNin2b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牵牛花画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZyeOdWSukoOS2uxiy64cNnGRnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画藤蔓:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画,用笔要悬腕中锋,轻快舒缓之中见遒劲,墨色要稍有变化,笔尖含水要干一点,以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子,因此,要注意全局的位置经营。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm8ad2SyaoC2yExA9YjcBdJDn4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②次画叶子:用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画,注意在蘸墨时要使笔头各部位含墨含水分量不同,这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点,每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmM0dGmygowgIuxevmacyxBRnrl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔,用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深,基部呈白色,因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白,花型要圆润,色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾,注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWqUdEgIKoogYqx9LOnc0oeonbI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④用三绿加一点藤黄,调成淡绿色染花蕊底色,趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白,一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托,又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓,使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点,使画面增添变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LCYMd2cWioq02SxGYvkcT4rvnCg"},,"attrs":{"height":1251,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牵牛花画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ced7218932a4305b3fc7e2dfb76fbf6","width":640},"text":"","id":"LA0UdiIgwoUcKcxmskAc6eZHnLh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花球画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O2I4dkMA8owiWOxa8fBchHWgnOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡,花形要有变化,使花球有立体感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F20qdog2yo4AowxN8G7cWlAVndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组,上边一组的叶脉墨色较深,下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡,以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨,用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VmmedCie4oWUw2xeSPPcfLFMn0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶,增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄,用墨要较干,使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球,方法与前同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CiaodA4U4oCKq4xwltIccakdnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立体感,又要注意花色的洁净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCMydgQG8oeUgaxQp5qcPqcTnSl"},,"attrs":{"height":236,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花球画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ac45985132384544afb5399603c1fd77","width":236},"text":"","id":"TM42decykoI4W8xApRncKFk4nre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FO4cdKaukooQQSxmBUJcAc6Vnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用大号斗笔浸些清水,又挤去笔肚里过多的水分,乘湿蘸上墨,稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太"熟",使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子,随画又要随时蘸点水,使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化,又有滋润丰厚的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Veemd4ImyoUwQmxasXvcXA2engd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓,注意用笔的圆正,以表现枇杷果实的立体感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干,换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时,笔端要稍干些,可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡,故画后面叶子时,可调点清水后去画,但注意笔端仍须稍干,以免漫糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OQYwdoa4CoYkkAxUfhQcUh4JnOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③等枇杷的墨色已干,用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔,以表现枇把的立体感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FgUcdMGIKoqycyxwbZ4c3oManoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④趁色尚湿,用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大,用笔稍重,使笔尖稍微叉开,以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干,加上苔点,使画面更丰富完整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QcUkdsaKMogc4sxgxmocfKaGnyc"},,"attrs":{"height":595,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fbc94dd7d05946a5a087ec26ddde8828","width":640},"text":"","id":"FS6odSgGwom02Ax4KgXcV66Ynqe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"玉兰画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BOgydC2Ceoq2aOxEZCbcVQ0yn6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净,用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色,可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际,再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底,染时要见笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SC8ede0ueo2GGWxSqt8cE0Vpnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊,花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干,用笔要苍劲,使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干,画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOsGdUIUMoqaMKxqOOgcAyMynPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不仅要强调与主体花冠的呼应,还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理,要符合玉兰的生长规律。④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握,不能等干了再画,否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkeQdCaSwouOk6xoW0kcVwa0nzP"},,"attrs":{"height":717,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"玉兰画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/70141db5b5444287897af0b72f516de5","width":658},"text":"","id":"ZyqAdMIEcoE82oxeGJqczMHcnkh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐临摹书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XyMgdWQ8GoCWMgx2xGhcp96BnAd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PYkWdaQcaoAy28xgv52cNhuknxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林平野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOWSdowekogEIix6GP2chtjnnRg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ReUudquCYoKKs4xxjqhcEJpnntu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"恽寿平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ey8YdwGaco8KaAxkN50c1DV9nDg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc2WdQo0Mo0CG8xOqMmceT8Andg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BG0adIKiUoWqIExItVjcgbmDn5e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WSMcdYyqsoQIKIxkRXtcfGHAnQg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Js2Yda4yuoM8GkxSwqOcSdLXnHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹是学习中国画技法的一种便捷方法,对范画可以先局部临摹,也叫分解练习,然后再临摹整幅作品,这样可以学得深秀。临摹尽量要象,“察之者尚精,拟之者贵似”,要通过临摹反复体会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再体会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造,心中就有数了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UW2Gd6MC4og2ysxeDe6c07Z1nZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较,写生为主,临摹为次,写生是源,临摹是流。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOMcdAw6SoeC2SxWKG8cTYfhnZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临,把画放在桌上,对着画。摹,则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上,用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”,即是学习古人或老师的技法,而被之束缚,不能变化、发展。“游魂”,就是东学一点,西学一点,浅尝辄止,不能融会贯通。“附影子”,即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户,一离开,便寸步难行,作不出画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fim4dg20oowmIcxkNl5csVeGnlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹要和默写结合起来,中国画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此,临摹一定要认真体会。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CgUMdQCIIoOiEWxAJzYczDdSnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结合临摹平时要注意多欣赏名家名作,可以反复欣赏品味,此外还要多参观画展,汲取各家之长,开阔眼界,开拓思路,丰富技法手段,提高修养。在观摩和学习时可随时记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地学习,肯定会有大的进步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QEiWdqegIoGA80xoxIYcCiKynbf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqsodmYiWomCWQx4LWMcPVoonlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律,可以大量搜集创作素材,锻炼造型能力,进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧,在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水平必不可少的重要环节。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QkA6doU0woyEmExo5hTcsguansf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究,铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以,纸张随便,关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是学习、观察大自然的过程,达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ewc6dMWgQoy8WqxQvoDcsrm1nsg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画外功","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OsMadsGGIoAGooxu8FicBpBrnne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与绘画技巧相适应,还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文学修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。只有多读书(小说、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读)、勤练书法才能满足学习绘画的要求。练习书法不仅仅是为了适应题字落款的需要,更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法,提高笔线的表现能力,加强墨晕的风骨,以书入画格调情趣自然更高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0Kyd4kmOo62a0xWcA9c32I4nkc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PkmMd6gMOoQMAKx68D5cK7NTnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学国画不必急于创作,应先在以上三方面打下扎实的基础,苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后,可以慢慢试着进行创作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Km0WdaMUSoOkEmxEFcYc7SI6nge"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KsYedIIIwoOG0qx4QbAcZcoqn6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一阶段可以参考资料,借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法,按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LousdUKsioguiWxCI8icx3a7n9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二阶段,待掌握了一定的技法之后,便可以较自由地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段,通过这个阶段的练习,可使技法更熟练,构图变化更丰富。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GsUEdia80o0UAmxglY1c5Bt0nVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟,而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法,体现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化,是既有“法”度而又不为法度所束缚。以法作画,千篇一律,以情作画,变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合,是我们追求的目的。初学者只要得法,用功,是会达到这一目标的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2Yidsk0Qo4uusx0QQUc3fdhnDb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XqkMd6Iw0oGOKmxS2A0ccrf9nNd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAcgdqymqo0cwmxMNqYcwbzcnHe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ic2sdiyiGoyIQGxqig3cjXhvnJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶,用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子,注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化,下笔时两头轻中间重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N0EAdqC8OocWk2xs3FOcweOQnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干,待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QY8CdaWS4oyEsGxWwnfcQJ7lnrg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KIEydWUuSo2MAMxIBXqcQF5Vn5g"},,"attrs":{"height":1046,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57b120661ae14a249184b70caefe0637","width":942},"text":"","id":"EMGcdWuSWo4uAgxScaJcXYWunYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NgQIdQCUkoQUqexiAZYc5VcznHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、整笔蘸粉色,笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣,依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花头,注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZmACdYek4oY4OgxEzb2cijGznCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、整笔蘸粉色,笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞,画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XI4YduoICoCgGKxY56zcZsD6nLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、整笔蘸淡绿色,笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋,墨绿加胭脂画枝条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6COd0E22oy0M4xCoDDchRc8ncc"},,"attrs":{"height":1008,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a34c7a92de164ab5afa43fe2540e4c7c","width":900},"text":"","id":"QCeAdCKc6o6Q88xIJJHcwtrRnwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BS8IdQUY8o2U0mxQzETcc5E3nac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的头部,中锋画背羽,侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴,最后以淡墨画胸腹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KWysdguSmommQsxohsBcIzMBn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出头部,中锋画背羽,侧锋画上下翅,浓墨画嘴,点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹,浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽,浓墨中锋画腿,浓墨画爪子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T6Sgd2WcWoUCoUxWm6uc18LBnyg"},,"attrs":{"height":700,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3b44f13174b6450895843821a3888870","width":1080},"text":"","id":"R8UGd4Os4ooUisx6Bb8ccnJXn0b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"小鸡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TQU8dwweaoAMSWxCexxcwsjAnff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸中墨侧锋画出头部,侧锋点出翅膀,随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛,淡墨画胸部和大腿,待半干时用浓墨勾画脚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TA8Gdm6swoqaOixIdv4chr7knEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、蘸浓墨,行侧锋画出头部,侧锋画翅膀,淡墨画胸部和大腿,最后浓墨勾画嘴、脚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWUEd2KCqowuIwxopcdcv40PnWg"},,"attrs":{"height":744,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"小鸡","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a54e2d5df928466db4159176960f1218","width":1080},"te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